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Respiratory > Respiratory intro > Flashcards

Respiratory intro Flashcards

1
Q

Two portions of the respiratory tract

A

Conducting (anatomical dead space)
Respiratory (gas exchange)

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2
Q

Conducting portion

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

Respiratory portion

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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4
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Volume of air in the conducting portion of airways

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5
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

air in alveoli which does not take part in gas exchange (damaged or not perfused)

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6
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

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7
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Anatomical dead space + alveolar ventilation

(everything moved in one breath)

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8
Q

What is total pulmonary ventilation? (minute volume)

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

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9
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

(Tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

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10
Q

Define respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a membrane either in lungs or at cellular level

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11
Q

Define ventilation

A

Process of inspiration and expiration
Physical action of breathing and moving air in and out of lungs

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12
Q

Is breathing voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary - neurones in respiratory centre of brain automatically generate impulses to inspiratory muscles

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13
Q

What is the volume of air being moved?

A

Tidal volume

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14
Q

How does air flow?

A

Down pressure gradient - we alter pressure inside our lungs to allow air to flow from higher pressure to lower pressure

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15
Q

What is Boyle’s law?a

A

The pressure of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume

(eg if volume decreases, pressure increases)

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16
Q

Lung mechanics during quiet inspiration

A

External Intercostals contract up and out (diameter thorax increases)

Diaphragm flattens

Intrathoracic volume increases,

Intrapulmonary pressure decreases (below atmospheric pressure)

Air rushes in to inflate lungs - elastic tissue stretched in alveoli. Receptors prevent overinflation

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17
Q

Expiration mechanics

A

Ribs fall
Diaphragm moves up

Volume of thoracic cavity and lungs decreases (elastic recoil)

Intrapulmonary pressure increases (larger than atmospheric)

Air is expelled out

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18
Q

Is expiration active or passive?

A

PASSIVE - relax muscles used for inspiration

19
Q

Why do the lungs move with chest wall?

A

Pleura - serous membranes lining thorax and enveloping the lungs

20
Q

Parts of pleura

A

Parietal - lines thoracic cage/diaphragm (hemithorax)

Visceral - lines outside of lung

Intrapleural space - space between visceral and parietal pleura, filled with serous fluid (15ml)

21
Q

What is the pleural seal?

A

Surface tension between pleural surfaces (visceral and parietal) from thin film of pleural fluid holds the outer surface of lung to chest wall

(like mug on a wet coaster)

22
Q

Recoil of lungs vs chest wall. What does this create?

A

Chest wall has natural outward elastic recoil

Lungs have natural inward elastic recoil

Opposing forces create -ve pressure in intrapleural space

23
Q

Why is -ve pressure in intrapleural space important?

A

Stays -ve throughout inspiration and expiration relative to the atmosphere.
Keeps alveoli/lungs from fully collapsing

24
Q

What is the volume of air left in the lungs after resting expiration called?

A

Functional residual capacity

25
Q

Intrapulmonary vs intrapleural pressure

A

Intrapleural pressure is ALWAYS -ve compared to atmospheric - stops alevoli/lungs collapsing

Intrapulmonary is -ve on inspiration and +ve on expiration

26
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural

Intrapulmonary - intrapleural

27
Q

What us lung compliance?

A

Measure of distensibility - change in volume related to pressure (how stretchy lungs are)

28
Q

Compliance equation

A

change in volume - change in pressure

29
Q

Lung compliance vs surface tension and connective tissue

A

Inversely related to connective tissue and surface tension

eg if connective tissue and surface tension high, compliance is low

30
Q

Compliance vs elastic recoil

A

Inversely

Greater elastic recoil = less compliance (must be a tough rubber band as springs back quickly)

31
Q

Elasticity

A

Tendency of something that has distended to return to original size

32
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Physical property of water that causes surfaces of water to achieve smallest possible area

(they stick to eachother)

33
Q

Surface tension of alveoli

A

Alveoli inner lining is water based fluid - surface tension exerts a collapsing force on alveoli (pulls them in)

34
Q

What does surface tension do to compliance?

A

Reduces it. If surface tension is high, alveoli are hard to inflate (collapsing/collapsed) and non compliant

35
Q

What does lung surfactant do?

A

Reduces surface tension by breaking it up (lipoprotein mixture)

36
Q

Factors affecting airway resistance

A

Surface tension

Airway diameter - small diameter have high resistance
(mucus, pressure gradients, radial traction)

37
Q

Airway resistance equation

A

R = (8 x n x l) / pi x r^4

n - viscosity
l - length of tube
r - radius

38
Q

What reduces overall airway resistance?

A

Tubes are connected in parallel creating alternative routes for air

Low resistance downstream compared to higher up

(highest resistance in upper airways)

39
Q

Forced inspiration accessory muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major

40
Q

Forced expiration accessory muscles

A

Internal intercostals
Abdominal wall muscles

(Squeeze the air out)

41
Q

When are accessory muscles used?

A

Exercise and when diseases affect lungs

42
Q

Hi, if you can please could you fill out this feedback form so I can improve this deck and know how helpful the cards are. You only need to fill it out once for all my cards. Thanks, Ella :)

A
43
Q
A

Respiratory (21 decks)

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