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Respiratory > Resp system anatomy > Flashcards

Resp system anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

From what does the respiratory system develop?

A

Diverticulum (outpouch) of pharynx (gut tube)

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2
Q

What orientation is the nasal cavity?

A

It is a horizontal plane

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3
Q

Function of nasal cavity

A

Warm and moisten air

Recover water from expired air

Phonation (speech)

Olfaction (smell)

Induce turbulent flow (nasal conchae)

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4
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

Scroll like folds of nasal bones increasing the surface area of cavity for warming and humidifying

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5
Q

3 parts of the upper resp tract (pharynx)

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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6
Q

Function of pharynx and larynx working together

A

Pharynx acts as 3 way valve
Ensure food enters oesophagus and air enters trachea

(air and food cross over in paths)

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7
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces in the head to make bones lighter

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8
Q

Sinuses in head

A

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal cells

Sphenoidal sinus

Maxillary sinus

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9
Q

Parts of the nose

A

Root (top)
Dorsum
Apex (pointed nose)
Naris (hole)
Septum
Ala (sides of nostrils)

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10
Q

What does the larynx have surrounding?

A

Cartilaginous skeleton

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11
Q

Important part of larynx

A

Epiglottis

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12
Q

What is the larynx important for?

A

Speech
Stopping food going into airway

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13
Q

The conducting airways

A

Trachae
Primary bronchi
Secondary (Lobar) bronchi
Tertiary (segmental bronchi)
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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14
Q

How many lobar bronchi in each lung?

A

Right lung = 3 lobes so 3

Left lung = 2 lobes to 2

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15
Q

Trachea structure

A

Horse shoe shaped cartilage - not complete to allow oesophagus to bulge into it

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16
Q

What surrouds trachae at base of neck?

A

Thyroid gland

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17
Q

Lobes of R and L lung

A

Right has 3 lobes - superior, middle and inferior

Left has 2 - superior and inferior

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18
Q

Thoracic cavity what makes the walls, roof, floor and doors?

A

Walls - ribs, spinal cord, sternum

Floor - diaphragm/inferior thoracic aperture

Ceiling - superior thoracic aperture (gap)

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19
Q

Rib structure

A

Costal cartilages articulate with sternum

Head of rib articulates with thoracic vertebrae

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20
Q

How do thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs?

A

2 x articular facets on head of rib
–> articulates with demifacets of 2 vertebrae

1x articular facet on body of rib –> articulates with transverse process facet

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21
Q

Two joints of ribs and thoracic vertebrae

A

Costotransverse (body of rib and transverse facet)

Costovertebral joint - head of rib with vertebral body (1 rib attaches to two vertebrae)

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22
Q

Ribs number and vertebral number relation

A

Rib number is vertebral below

Eg 7th rib is articulating between T6 and T7

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23
Q

What seperates the lungs?

A

The mediastinum - acts as a septum

(has heart in it)

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24
Q

What joint allows movement of the ribs during ventilation?

A

Costovertebral joint - joint with ribs and vertebra body of two vertebrae via demifacets

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25
Q

What is the bucket handle movement during inspiration?

A

Need to increase volume of thoracic cavity to decrease pressure

Bucket handle = increase in lateral dimension of cavity (eg swing handle up and out)

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26
Q

Pump handle movement during inspiration

A

Need to increase volume of thoracic cavity to decrease pressure

Sternum moves up and out
Increase in anteroposterior dimension

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27
Q

Main muscle in ventilation

A

Diaphragm - during inspiration moves down 2 intercostal spaces and flattens with contraction

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28
Q

What must alveolar pressure be for air to enter alveoli?

A

Alveolar pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure for air to enter

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29
Q

Nerve supplying diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve - C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

30
Q

What else does phrenic nerve supply?

A

Pericardium of heart

31
Q

Nerves artery and vein supplying intercostal muslces and parietal pleura

A

Intercostal nerve, artery and vein

32
Q

Where do the intercostal nerve artery and vein run? (neurovascular bundle to the rib muscles)

A

They run BELOW each rib - have to be careful of them when inserting chest drain (should always drain above ribs)

32
Q

Layers that intercostal nerve artery and vein run

A

Between internal intercostal muscle and innermost internal intercostal muscle

33
Q

Layers of intercostal muscles

A

External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost internal intercostal

34
Q

Fibres of intercostal muscles

A

External - same as external oblique, hands in pockets direction (anteroinferior)

Internal and innermost - run perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to external

35
Q

Arteries that run down sternum

A

Internal thoracic arteries (from subclavian artery)

36
Q

Where does the diaphragm attach?

A

At the edge of the inferior thoracic aperture

37
Q

What are the 3 major openings/perforations in the diaphragm and their levels?

A

Vena cava - T8

Oesophagus - T10

Aortic hiatus - T12 (+thoracic duct)

(same amount of letters in word as thoracic level)

38
Q

Accessory muscles used after exercise

A

Pectoral muscles - if fix arms in place

SCM to raise thoracic cage

39
Q

Dual blood supply to ribs and intercostals

A

Posterior - posterior intercostal artery (straight from aorta) and vein with posterior ramus forming intercostal nerve

Anterior - Anterior intercostal artery and vein (from internal thoracic artery and vein)

40
Q

What can internal thoracic veins/arteries be used for?

A

Coronary bypass to give heart blood supply

41
Q

Where to do chest drain?

A

ABOVE RIB (only collateral branches here)

(BELOW rib = Neurovascular BUNDLE of intercostal artery vein and nerve)

42
Q

Layers you perforate for chest drain

A

External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Endothoracic fascia
Parietal pleura
(into intrapleural space)

43
Q

Venous drainage of thorax

A

Azygos vein on right
Hemizygous vein on left
Join together via vein in middle

Azygos vein ultimately drains into superior vena cava

44
Q

Why do we need azygos system?

A

Allows venous drainage at the level of the heart

45
Q

Path of venous blood

A

Intercostal veins, subcostal veins or lumbar veins drain into either hemizygous if on left or azygos if on R

Go to azygos

Drain into superior vena cava

46
Q

Phrenic nerve course

A

Arises from C3, 4 and 5 spinal nerve roots
Courses down to pericardium and to diaphragm

47
Q

Fissures in lobes of lung

A

R - has oblique and transverse

L - only oblique

48
Q

What do oblique fissures seperate?

A

In L - separate superior and inferior lung lobes

In R - separate inferior lobe from middle and superior

49
Q

What does the transverse fissure in the R lobe do?

A

Separate superior and middle lobes

50
Q

Why does left lung only have 2 lobes?

A

Heart is in the way

51
Q

Right main bronchus vs left

A

Right - wider, straighter more likely to get foreign objects wedged here

52
Q

Mediastinum splits

A

Split into superior and inferior by sternal angle

Inferior splits into anterior, middle and posterior

53
Q

Inferior medistinum subcompartments and what they contain

A

Anterior - fat, thymus in kids

Middle - heart, pericardium

Posterior - communications to abdomen eg oesophagus, abdominal aorta, azygos veins, thoracic duct

54
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Vessels going in and out of the lungs

55
Q

Hilum layout

A

Airways usually posterior - bronchi near back

Pulmonary AArteries usually AAbove

Pulmonary veins usually inferior

(should have 2 of each in each lung)

56
Q

What forms pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary arteries (under arch of aorta) going to lungs to be oxygenated

57
Q

Pleura of lungs

A

Serous membrane
Parietal pleura and visceral

58
Q

Parietal vs visceral pain

A

Parietal - rich somatic innervation so feels pain in regions

Visceral - vague pain, not affected by direct pain

59
Q

What can occur within pleural space/

A

Effusion
Air coming in from stab wound = pneumothorax

60
Q

Where is the apex of the lung located?

A

Right at the base of the neck

61
Q

What is the costophrenic/costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Intrapleural space where the pleura extends beneath the lung

This allows for lung expansion in inspiration but pathologically, fluid can collect here

62
Q

Parts of lung surface

A

Mediastinal - articulates with mediastinum (heart)

Diaphragmatic - articulates with diaphragm

Costal part - articulates with ribs

63
Q

Pulmonary blood supply

A

Pulmonary arteries + bronchial vessels

64
Q

How high can the diaphragm lie?

A

As high as 4th intercostal space on R and 5th intercostal space on L in males

65
Q

Neck stab - what would you be concerned about?

A

Brachial plexus
IJV
Common carotid artery
Apex of the lung/apical pleura
Tracheae

66
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

A

Elevate ribs and expands the anteroposterior volume of thoracic cavity

67
Q

Axillary sheath contents

A

Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Cords of the brachial plexus (lateral posterior and medial)

68
Q

Does the NVB run internally on the ribs?

A

YES

69
Q

Course of left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

vagus descends down to aorta

Becomes left recurrent laryngeal branch

Arches around aorta and ascends back up between oesophagus and trachea on left

70
Q

Structure that connects pulmonary artery to aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus in foetus –>
ligamentum arteriosum remnant in adults

(right to left shunt to bypass lungs)

Respiratory (21 decks)

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