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Mycology > Basic Concepts in Mycology 2 > Flashcards

Basic Concepts in Mycology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

basic structural unit consists of a chain of multinucleate, tubular, filament-like cells.

A

Hypha

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2
Q

Most multicellular fungi in their vegetative state, consists of a mass of branching hyphae called mycelium.

What is the other term for mycelium?

A

Thallus

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3
Q

Yes or No

does hypha have rigid cell wall?

A

Yes

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4
Q

the hyphae are divided into compartments or cells by the development of more or less frequent cross-walls, termed as

A

septa

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5
Q

What do you call a hyphae that has cross walls?

A

Septate hyphae

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6
Q

Fungi that exists in the form of microscopic multicellular mycelium are commonly referred to as

A

Mold

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7
Q

This is a type of fungi that exists in the form of independent single cells propagate by budding out similar cells from their surface.

A

unicellular fungi

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8
Q

A fungi that came from the production of a chain of cells or described as loosely arrangement of budding cells

A

yeast

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9
Q

continued elongation of the parent cell before it buds out results in a chain of elongated cells, termed as

A

Pseudohypha

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10
Q

Medically important fungi that change their growth form as a part of the process of tissue invasion.

A

dimorphic fungi

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11
Q

This is a concept in which multicellular mold form in the natural environment transforms into a single-celled yeast form when invading tissues under the influence of temperature.

A

Thermal dimorphism.

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12
Q

Temperature of multicellular mold form in the natural environment.

A

25 - 30 C

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13
Q

Temperature of single-celled yeast form in the tissues.

A

35 - 37 C

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14
Q

3 examples of dimorphic fungi:

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Sporothrix schenckii

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15
Q

Part of the fungi that is rigid, mostly composed of polysaccharides, proteins and glycoproteins.

A

Cell wall

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16
Q

Percentage of polysaccharides, proteins and glycoproteins in the cell wall?

A

polysaccharides: 90%
proteins and glycoproteins: 10%

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17
Q

What are the polysaccharide present in the fungal cell wall?

A

chitin, glucan, chitosan, galactosan, and mannan

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18
Q

Chitin is the glycoproteins in various combinations.
Chitin: the major carbohydrate consist of repeating monomers of ___ which provides shape and protection from osmotic lysis (unaffected by some antibiotics)

A

N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG)

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19
Q

What are the functions of the fungal cell wall?

A

Barrier between fungal cell and its external environment.

Binding site for some enzymes

Possesses antigenic properties which allow interaction with other organisms

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20
Q

Part of the fungal cell that is composed of structurally arranged phospholipids in two-layered configuration scattered randomly.

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

major component of the cell membrane that regulates solute intake and secretion (transport system) through selective permeability and serves as the target of antifungal drugs like Nystatin.

A

Ergosterol

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22
Q

Part of the fungal cell that is an external coating located outside or covering the cell wall and found only in certain fungi.

A

Capsule

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23
Q

The capsule is composed of __

A

amorphous polysaccharide

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24
Q

Part of the fungal cell that contributes to its virulence factor

A

Capsule

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25
Q

nutritional type of fungi

A

chemoheterotrophic

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26
Q

fungi is similar to plants but differ in:

A

they lack chlorophyll

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27
Q

true/false

Fungi are capable of growing on living organic matter but not on dead organic matter.

A

false

they are also able to grow in dead organic matter (saprophytic)

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28
Q

Fungi are usually nonmotile except for:

A

Phylum Chytridiomycota and species of Rhizopidium

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29
Q

true/false

fungi are mostly aerobic and some are facultative anaerobic

A

true

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30
Q

What pathway is used in lysine syntehsis?

A

alpha-aminodiphate pathway

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31
Q

It describes the propagules that result form an asexual process (mitosis only) and generally short-lived propagules.

A

Conidium

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32
Q

This is produced from the fusion of two compatible nuclei followed by meiosis.

A

Spores

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33
Q

In some cases, spores are produced in millions in macroscopic “fruiting bodies” such as

A

Mushrooms

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34
Q

Fungi vs Bacteria

In terms of cell wall:

A

Fungi: polysaccharides (i.e. chitin, glucan, mannan, galactosan, and chitosan)

Bacteria: polysaccharide and peptidoglycan

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35
Q

Fungi vs Bacteria

in terms of cell membrane:

A

Fungi: ergosterol

Bacteria: no sterols except ureaplasma and mycoplasma

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36
Q

Fungi vs Bacteria

in terms of nucleus:

A

fungi: small, bound by nuclear membrane

bacteria: nucleoid, no nuclear membrane

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37
Q

Fungi vs Bacteria

in terms of chromosome:

A

fungi: linear

bacteria: circular

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38
Q

Fungi vs Bacteria

in terms of ribosomes:

A

fungi: 80s

bacteria: 70s

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39
Q

Fungi vs Bacteria

in terms of lysine synthesis:

A

fungi: alpha-aminodiphate pathway

bacteria: DAP (diaminopimelate pathway)

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40
Q

true or false

yeasts are able to assimilate sugars and nitrate, and ferment sugars

A

true

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41
Q

identification of yeasts relies on the combination of:

A

morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics

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42
Q

what does (MALDI-TOF)2 mean?

A

matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry

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43
Q

Macroscopic characteristics of fungi observed:

A

colonial form, surface color (obverse) pigmentation, reverse pigmentation, and growth rate.

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44
Q

Factors that influence the colonial form:

A

Culture medium
Incubation temperature
Age of culture
Amount of inoculum

45
Q

true/false

Sporulation is important in speciation, hence it is important to select culture conditions which favor sporulation

A

true

46
Q

true/false

Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) promotes over production of mycelium which results in retrieval of sporulation

A

false

LOSS of sporulation

47
Q

what should you use to stimulate sporulation?

A

low-nutrient medium

48
Q

Yeast cells multiply via asexual reproduction known as

A

budding

49
Q

stages of budding

A
  1. bud emergence
  2. protuberance
  3. elongation
50
Q

Macroscopic description of the obverse pigmentation of mold cells include:

A

white to cream, bright or light gray to brown

51
Q

Macroscopic description of the reverse pigmentation of mold cells include

A

non pigmented, to yellow, orange, or red

52
Q

Colonies in yeast cells may appear:

A

white opaque, pasty to creamy to mucoid (encapsulated)

53
Q

at what temperature do yeast cells grow at?

A

35-37 C

54
Q

true/false

septate hyphae that are nearly parallel to one another with dichotomous branching at right angles

A

false

ACUTE angles

55
Q

It results form nuclear division within a cell without division in the cytoplasm.

A

Coenocytic hyphae

56
Q

characterized by multiple projections in a hypha resembling an old comb hyphae appearance

A

Pectinate

57
Q

marked by hyphae with club-shaped cells, in which the layer end of one cell being attached to the smaller end of an adjacent

A

Racquet

58
Q

the hypha forming a coiled or corkscrew like turns

A

Spiral

59
Q

terminal hyphae branches that are irregular, broad and antler-like in appearance

A

Favic Chandelier

60
Q

this is specified by a round knot-like structure formed by intertwined hyphae and seen among dermatophytes.

A

Nodular

61
Q

It produces root-like structure along the vegetative hyphae especially observed among Zygomycetes

A

rhizoids

62
Q

produces root-like structure along the vegetative hyphae especially observed among Zygomycetes

A

Dematiaceous

63
Q

This type of hyphal growth forms filamentous (fuzzy) colonies

A

apical elongation

64
Q

A type of apical elongation that happens when mycelium buried down the culture medium for water exchange and nutrient absorption.

A

vegetative

65
Q

A type of apical elongation that projects on the surface of the medium, with reproductive structures known as spores which can be sexual or asexual.

A

aerial

66
Q

Review process of apical elongation!

A

IREVIEW MO SABE!

67
Q

This plays an important role in organizing (regulating) hyphal growth and is found behind hyphal tip (apex).

A

SPITZENKORPER

68
Q

A type of hyphal growth that is triggered by stems for the sub apical accumulation of wall precursors (presumable vesicles) reaching critical concentrations.

A

Lateral elongation

69
Q

the ability of some fungi to grow into two (2) forms, specifically yeast and mold forms in which it is dependent on temperature.

A

Fungal dimorphism

70
Q

Yeast vs Mold

in terms of temperature:

A

yeast: 35-37 C

mold: 25-30 C

71
Q

Yeast vs Mold

in terms of growth:

A

yeast: in vivo

mold: in vitro

72
Q

Yeast vs Mold

in terms of form:

A

yeast: pathogenic

mold: infective

73
Q

This type of fungal reproduction requires the formation of special clusters for fertilization and nuclear fission.

A

Sexual reproduction

74
Q

sex organ, gametes (sex cells) and either monoecious and dioecious.

A

Gametangium

75
Q

true or false

Sexual spores are developed as a result of a primary nuclear fusion with increase in chromosome number during their formation. Germinates and forms hyphae and mycelium.

A

FALSE

REDUCTION IN CHROMOSOME

76
Q

Type of sexual production that produces 2-8 spores within an ascus

A

Ascospores

77
Q

This type of sexual reproduction produces 2-4 spores on the surface of a club-shaped called basidium

A

basidiospores

78
Q

This is a type of sexual reproduction that happens when two sporangiosphores sexually fuse to form a large thick-walled bodies

A

zygospores

79
Q

This contains zygospores along a nonseptate hyphae

A

Zygosporangium

80
Q

A type of sexual reproduction that is produced from a fusion of 2 non-identical hyphae

A

oospores

81
Q

These are referred terms used when there is a merging of nuclear material or genes combined.

A

Sporulation and spores

82
Q

A type of fungal reproduction that is formed by budding, no fusion of nuclei takes place in the formation of spore.

A

asexual reproduction

83
Q

true/false

Through asexual reproduction, unicellular cells form mycelium and produce filamentous colony while multicellular cells do not form mycelium and often produce pasty type of colonies.

A

false

baliktad!

84
Q

enlarged, dome-shaped tip of a sporangiophore that extends into the
sporangium

A

Columella

85
Q

s prefix meaning dark (brownish or blackish)

A

pheo

86
Q

a subcutaneous or systemic disease caused by a variety of black
fungi that develop in tissue or dark hyphae and(or) yeast-like cells

A

Paeohyphomycosis

87
Q

cut off sharply; ending abruptly with a flattened edge.

A

truncate

88
Q

A type of asexual reproduction where spores contained in sporangia or sacs are produced terminally

A

Sporangiospores

89
Q

Specialized stalk which bears the sporangia

A

Sporangiophore

90
Q

A type of asexual reproduction that results from the transformation of a vegetative yeast or specialized hypha called conidiophores.

A

Mitospores (Conidiospores)

91
Q

Mitospores are observed among:

A

ascomycetes and deuteromycetes

92
Q

Sporangiospores are observed among

A

zygomycetes and rhizopus

93
Q

A type of mitospore formed from a budding process or blowing out along the mycelium or from another blastospore.

A

blastospore

94
Q

A type of mitospore formed by fragmentation (segmentation) or disarticulation of hyphae (mycelium) which results to cutting of rectangular thick-walled spore

A

arthrospores

95
Q

A type of mitospore that is formed by budding from a pseudohypha

A

Chlamydospores

96
Q

A thick-walled resting spores either within (intercallary) the segments; hyphal sides (sessile), or hyphal tip (terminal)

A

Chlamydospores

97
Q

A type of asexual reproduction that are highly developed conidiophores

A

Phialospores

98
Q

A type of asexual reproduction where it is seen as a vesicle, enlarged swollen cell often at the end of a conidiophore or sporangiophore and it bears conidia

A

phialospores

99
Q

The conidiospores of this are formed usually at the sides of a hyphae and are usually in chains.

A

Phialospores

100
Q

Ascomycetes vs Basidiomycetes vs Zygomycetes vs Deuteromycetes

in terms of sexual spores

A

ascomycetes: ascospores

basidiomycetes: basidiospore

zygomycetes: zygospores

deuteromycetes: none

101
Q

Ascomycetes vs Basidiomycetes vs Zygomycetes vs Deuteromycetes

in terms of asexual spores

A

ascomycetes: any conidiospore

basidiomycetes: conidiospore

zygomycetes: conidiospores

deuteromycetes: conidia

102
Q

Ascomycetes vs Basidiomycetes vs Zygomycetes vs Deuteromycetes

in terms of hyphae

A

ascomycetes: septate

basidiomycetes: septate

zygomycetes: coenocytic

deuteromycetes: septate

103
Q

A type of fungi that is capable of reproduction both sexual and asexual

A

perfect fungi

104
Q

What are the perfect fungi?

a. ascomycetes
b. basidiomycetes
c. zygomycetes
d. deuteromycetes

A

A, B, C

deuteromycetes is an imperfect fungi

105
Q

A type of infection where it does snot penetrate tissues and infect only the outer skin layer

A

superficial

106
Q

A type of infection where it does not penetrate tissues but can cause inflammation, and infect the skin, hair, and nails (keratinized areas)

A

Cutaneous

107
Q

A type of infection where it penetrates tissues, is transmitted via traumatic inoculation, and infects the connective tissues, muscles, and bones

A

subcutaneous

108
Q

A type of infection where it is thermal (dimorphic and infects all the body system

A

systemic

109
Q

A type of infection where it infects the immunocompromised individual at any part

A

opportunistic

Mycology (5 decks)

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