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SBI4UI (High School) > Biochemistry - Macromolecules > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecule + Types

A

Large molecules sometimes composed of many repeating subunits (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

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2
Q

Macromolecules functions

A

Energy storage + production, cell structure, cell function, cell communication, and storage of genetic information

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3
Q

Monomers

A

The small molecules that link together to form polymers

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4
Q

Polymers

A

A chain-like macromolecule made up of smaller linked molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids)

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5
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Condensation reaction in which macromolecules are formed (large molecules assembled from smaller subunits)

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6
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Hydrolysis reactions in which macromolecules are disassembled (larger molecules broken into subunits)

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7
Q

Carbohydrate functions

A

Quickest source of energy, long term energy storage, produce structural components

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8
Q

Lipid functions

A

Energy storage (slowest but most efficient), insulation, temp regulation, absorb vitamins + minerals, internal organ protection, cell membrane, structure, hormone production (cholesterol)

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9
Q

Protein function

A

Controlling what enters + leaves the cell, carrying oxygen in blood, breaking down foods, allowing for muscle contraction, supporting body’s tissues

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10
Q

Nucleic acid function

A

Store genetic information + allow it to be translated into proteins, produce identical copies of itself, allow for basic life functions of cells

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11
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharides (individual monomers)
  • Disaccharides (2 monosaccharide monomers)
  • Oligosaccharides (3-15 monosaccharide monomers)
  • Polysaccharides (>15/many monosaccharide glucose monomers)
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12
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Ether linkage produced by condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

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13
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different atom arrangement (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose)

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14
Q

Alpha glucose

A

Hydroxyl below ring (5+ carbon monosaccharide in water)

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15
Q

Beta glucose

A

Hydroxyl above ring (5+ carbon monosaccharide in water)

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16
Q

Significance of numbering in glycosidic linkage

A

Indicates specific carbon atoms involved in the linkage

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17
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A

Store sugar for later use in energy production (glycogen in animals, starch in plants)

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18
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Building blocks for cell structures (cellulose in plants, chitin in exoskeletons of insects)

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19
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal storage polysaccharide, highly branched, alpha glucose, 1-4/1-6 bonds

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20
Q

Amylose

A

Plant storage polysaccharide, starch, unbranched, alpha glucose, 1-4 bonds

21
Q

Amylopectin

A

Plant storage polysaccharide, starch, branched, alpha glucose, 1-4/1-6 bonds

22
Q

Cellulose

A

Plant structural polysaccharide, straight chain, beta glucose, 1-4 bonds

23
Q

Types of lipids

A

Triglycerides (fats + oils commonly found in food, most common), phospholipids (micelles and phospholipid bilayers), sterols (cholesterol + derivatives), waxes (environmental barrier, waterproofing)

24
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

Glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acids (ester linkage bonds fatty acids to glycerol)

25
Q

Fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at the end

26
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

No double bonds, straight hydrocarbon chain

27
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A

1 double bond, 1 kink/bend

28
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

Numerous double bonds, many kinds/bends

29
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

Glycerol molecule + 2 fatty acids + highly polar phosphate group, hydrophilic head/hydrophobic tail

30
Q

Sterol structure

A

Hydrophobic molecule made up of 4 interconnected carbon rings

31
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Amino group on the left, carboxyl group on the right, R group on the bottom

32
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Amino group on the left, carboxyl group on the right, R group on the bottom

33
Q

Essential amino acids

A

9, cannot be produced by the body so it must be obtained from diet

34
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Amino acids linked through peptide bond + form long chain called a polypeptide

35
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds) cause the polypeptide to coil into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

36
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Secondary structure fold on itself due to interactions with its environment

37
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Multiple tertiary structures interact with each other to form even larger proteins

38
Q

Denaturation

A

Unraveling/change in shape of tertiary/quaternary structures due to changes in environmental conditions (e.g. temp., pH, ion concentration, reactions with toxins or medications)

39
Q

DNA structure

A

Double stranded, stores genetic information, found in nucleus, contains deoxyribose sugar

40
Q

RNA structure

A

Single stranded, transfers DNA instructions to ribosomes used in structural and functional protein production, found in cytoplasm, contains ribose sugars

41
Q

Nucleotide

A

Composed of pentose sugar molecule, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (phosphodiester bonds between them to form strands)

42
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine (DNA/RNA)

Thymine (DNA only)

Uracil (RNA only)

43
Q

DNA complementary base pairs

A

A-T, G-C (hydrogen bonds form between them, holding DNA strands together)

44
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine (contain two ring structures)

45
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (contain single ring structure)

46
Q

5’ end of DNA

A

Free phosphate

47
Q

3’ end of DNA

A

Free sugar

48
Q

Antiparallel

A

DNA strands run in opposite directions, twist into coil (“double helix”)

49
Q

Nucleic acid derivatives

A

ATP: energy carrying molecule produced by mitochondria

NAD+ and FAD: important coenzyme in cellular respiration

NADP+: important coenzyme in photosynthesis

SBI4UI (High School) (26 decks)

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