Biochemistry - Plant and Animal Cell Organelles Flashcards
1
Q
Cell membrane
A
- Membrane that surrounds cell
- Phospholipid bilateral separated inner + outer environments
- Specialized proteins control flow of materials into + out of cell
- Imbedded carbohydrates allow for cell to cell communication
2
Q
Cell Wall
A
- Hard wall outside cell membrane
- Protects cell, gives shape + strength
- Primary wall is thin + pliable, allows enlargement as cell matures
- Secondary wall is firm, formed at maturity
- Plasmodesmata cell junction
- Only in PLANT cells
3
Q
Centriole
A
- Produce microtubules (structural units of cytoskeleton + spindle fibres)
- Control chromosome movement during cell decision (spindle fibre production + control)
- Only in ANIMAL cells
4
Q
Chloroplast
A
- Type of plastid (membrane bound, involved in photosynthesis + plant storage)
- Site of photosynthesis
- 2 outer membranes that enclose the stroma (semifluid interior)
- Contain chlorophyll (green pigment, captures energy from sunlight)
- Only in PLANT cells
5
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- Extension of nuclear envelope (production + transport of materials)
- Rough E.R.: covered in ribosomes, proteins fold within E.R. membrane (may become part of membrane or transported)
- Smooth E.R.: lipid production (no ribosomes), some enzymes originally from rough E.R. produce membrane lipids + break down carbohydrates, fatty acids, and some drugs + toxins
6
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
- Enzymes within modify, sort, + package proteins for transport within/in/out of cell
- Finished proteins packaged in vesicles for transport
7
Q
Lysosome
A
- Contain enzymes that digest invading bacteria/damaged organelles
- Plants have specialized vesicles with this function so they don’t have lysosomes
- Only in ANIMAL cells
8
Q
Mitochondrion
A
- Site of cellular respiration (ATP produced, required lots of O2)
- Reactions within can extract more energy than any other metabolic pathway
- # of mitochondria depends on cell function
- 2 membranes (1 highly folded in the other), 2 compartments (mitochondrial matrix + intermembrane space)
- Resemble bacteria in size, form, biochemistry
- Divide independently + has
own ribosomes - Endosymbiosis theory: mitochondria used to be their own cells but now have symbiosis with eukaryotic cells after being engulfed
9
Q
Nucleus
A
- Made up of nucleolus, nucleoplasm, + nuclear membrane (and nuclear pores)
- Controls cell activities (growth. reproduction) by regulating gene expression (controls protein production)
10
Q
Nuclear membrane
A
- Lipid bilayer that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm (small molecules such as O2 can diffuse through)
11
Q
Nuclear pores
A
- Allow + control movement of large molecules in + out of nucleus (e.g. RNA)
12
Q
Nucleolus
A
- Site of ribosome synthesis
13
Q
Nucleoplasm
A
- Similar to cytosol, fills nucleus
14
Q
Chromatin
A
- DNA molecules + associated proteins suspended in nucleoplasm
15
Q
Peroxisome
A
- Specialized vesicle that digests fatty acids + amino acids
- Break down hydrogen peroxide (fatty acid digestion byproduct) which protects cell from its damaging effects
