1.1a Physiology

Question 1

define joint

Answer 1

a place where two or more bones meet

Question 2

identify all the bones in the body from top to bottom

Answer 2

cranium, vertebral column, scapula, humerus,radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, ribs, sternum, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, tarsals, metatarsals

**

Question 3

define cartilage

Answer 3

prevents the ends of bones rubbing together

absorbs force

Question 4

define synovial fluid

Answer 4

lubricates the joint allow the bones to move freely

Question 5

define ligaments

Answer 5

tough and elastic fibres that link bones to bones

Question 6

define tendons

Answer 6

these connect muscles to bones

Question 7

define bursa

Answer 7

a closed, fluid filled sac around where tendons rub over bones, function is to reduce friction between tendons and bones

Question 8

define joint capsule

Answer 8

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane, function is to enclose and strengthen the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 9

name the 5 types of joints

Answer 9

1. ball and socket - move in all directions
2. hinge joint - only flexsion and extension
3. pivot joints - ring of bone that fits over a bone sticking out, only rotation (neck)
4. condyloid - oval shaped bone end that fits into a similar shape, small movement in all directions, wrist
5. gliding - between two flat surfaces of bone held together by a ligament (spine)

Question 10

name all the muscles in the upper body

Answer 10

• anterior / posterior deltiod
• pectolaris major
• trapezius
• teres major
• latissimus dorsi
• triceps brachii
• bicep brachii
• external obliques
• wrist flexors
• wrist extensors

Question 11

name all the muscles in the lower body

Answer 11

• iliopsoas, gluteus maximus / medius, adductor longus
• bicep femoris
• rectus femoris
• tiblias anterior
• gastrocnemius
• soleus

Question 12

define agonist and antagonist

Answer 12

agonist - the contracting muscle responsible for causing movement
antagonist - relaxing/ lengthening muscle which allows the movement

Question 13

define isometric and isotonic

Answer 13

isometric - when the muscle contracts without lengthening or shortening, no movement occurs
isotonic - muscular contraction which changes the length of the muscle

Question 14

name two types of isotonic contraction

Answer 14

concentric - when the muscle shortens under tension
eccentric - when the muscle lengthens under tension (does not relax)

Question 15

define planter and dorsi flexion

Answer 15

planter - bending the foot downwards, away from the tibia
dorsi - bending the foot upwards towards the tibia

Question 16

define adduction and abduction

Answer 16

adduction - movements towards the midline of the body
abduction - movement away from the midline of the body

Question 17

define horizontal flexion and extension

Answer 17

horizontal flexion - movement of the arm across the body in the horizontal (transverse) plane
horizontal extension - movement of the arm away from the body in the horizontal (transverse) plane

Question 18

define motor unit

Answer 18

carry nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle fibres.

• the nerve impulse travelling to the muscle fibre is an electrochemical process which requires action potential. This wave of electrical charge moves down the axon to the motor end plate

Question 19

how does the electrical impulse pass over the synapse

Answer 19

as the impulse reaches the end of the axon, it triggers the release of acetycholine ( a neurotransmitter) as the neuromuscular junction. the neurotransmitter is secreted into the synaptic cleft to assist the nerve impulse to cross the gap. if enough neurotransmitter present muscle action potential is created and a wave of contraction occurs

Question 20

components of a motor unit

Answer 20

neuron, axis, myelin sheath, motor end plate,

Question 21

what is the all or none law

Answer 21

the motor units exhibit an all or none response

there will either be a full response or no response at all for an individual neuron or muscle fibre

Question 22

what are the characteristics of a motor unit

Answer 22

• minimum amount of stimulation is required to start a muscle contraction
• impulse is strong enough then all muscle fibres in motor unit contract, however if impulse is less than threshold required the no muscle action will occur

Question 23

define action potential

Answer 23

a brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron

Question 24

what are 3 types of muscle fibres

Answer 24

• slow oxidative - type 1 (SO)
• fast oxidative glycoltic - type 2a (FOG)
• fast glycolytic - type 2b (FG)

Question 25

what causes an increase in size of muscle fibres

Answer 25

an increase in the number and size of of myofibrils per fibre

Question 26

what are slow oxidative muscle fibre type

Answer 26

store oxygen in myoglobin and process it in the mitochondria, allows aerobic work to take place

Question 27

what are fast oxidative glycolytic and fast glycoltyic muscles fibre types

Answer 27

* work under aerobic intensities * large stores of phosphocreatine used for rapid energy production * fatigue is quick so only sustain contraction for short period of time

Question 28

explain motor unit recruitment in muscle contraction

Answer 28

1. electrical impulse start in the medulla oblongata 2. electrical impulse sent down spinal cord in the axon 3. electrical impulse is sent to the motor end plate (one end plate on each muscle fibre) however nerve impulse travelling to muscle fibre in an electrochemical process which requires action potential 4. electrical impulse gets turned into a neruotransmitter called the acetycholine 5. the neruotransmitter is secreted acroos the synaptic cleft (gap) to fire off the muscle fibre

Question 29

what are the 3 planes of movement

Answer 29

1. **Frontal** - divides body into front and back, abduction and adduction, jumping jacks 2. **Transverse** - divides body into upper and lower halves, rotation movements, spinning 3. **Sagittal** - divides body into left and right, flexsion and extension, walking