2.2 Psychology Flashcards
sports psychology (70 cards)
1
Q
define personality
A
the sum total of an individuals characteristics which make them unique
2
Q
what are the 3 different theories of personality
A
- trait theory
- social learning theory
- interactionist theory
3
Q
Trait theory
what is the trait theory of personality
A
- proposed by eysench - 4 dimensions
- individuals personality is inherited from their parents (in your genetics)
- personality determines behaviour
- you are either extrovert or introvert, and you are either stable or neurotic (unstable)
4
Q
Trait theory
what are the Type A / Type B personality triats
A
Type A
* characteristics: hard-working, competitive
* Work ethic: high drive, strong sense of urgency
* behaviour: hostile, impatient, aggresive
* Stress: prone to stress, greater risk of having heart disease
Type B
* Characteristics: laid back, easy going, flexible
* Work ethic: procrastinate or distracted but also creative
* Behaviour: empathetic and compassionate
* Stress: more relaxed and less likely to have heart problems
5
Q
Trait theory
define the following terms:
introvert
extrovert
stable
neurotic
A
- Introvert - somoen who does not require external stimulation as they dont seek social situations
- Extrovert - require external stimulation as they seek social situations and excitement, they lack coencentration
- Stable - usually quite predictable and secure with their emotions and behaviours.
- Neurotic (unstable) - unpredictable with their emotions and behaviours, individual could be aggressive but the amount of aggression varies
6
Q
what is the social learning theory for personality
A
- Albert Bandura
- people learn behaviour through observaton, imitation and modelling others, particularly those they percive as role models
- depends on the environemnt, imitation of significant others and social reinforcement strengthens S-R bonds
- role models: more likely to imitate behaviour if role model is percieved as similar, admired or high status
- vicarious reinforcement: learning occurs not jsut from direct expierence but also observing others being rewarded or punished for their actions
7
Q
social learning theory for personality
what are the 5 main stages to the social learning theory
A
- demonstartion
- attention
- retention
- motor reproduction
- motivation
8
Q
what is the interactionist theory for personality
A
- we base our behaviour on inherent traits that we then adapt to the siuation we are in
- trait + social learning theory
- 2 key interactionist theorists - Lewin and Hollander
9
Q
interactionist theory
what is lewins formula of interaction and personality
A
- explains tbat behaviour is the sum of personality trait and environment
- Behaviour = personality trait x environment
10
Q
interactionist theory
what is hollanders model of interactionist theory
A
- Psychological core - the ‘real you’, constant and stable
- Typical response - usual behaviours and response to social situations, learnt adn instinctive
- Role related behaviour - dynamic and changeable
11
Q
define attitude
A
a predisposition to act in a particular way towards something or someone in a persons environment
attitudes are learned rather than inntae, they can be positive ir negative
12
Q
what are the 3 elements of the triadic model of attitudes
A
- Cognitive - formed through past experiences and what has be learnt by others, aspect reflects our beliefs and knowledge and it normally influenced by parents or peers
- Affective - our feelings or fan emotional resopnse towards and attitude or object, also depedns on past experiences
- Behavioural - this is concerned with how a person behaves towards a specific situation, not always consistent with our attitude
13
Q
what are positive attitudes formed by
A
- belief in the benefits of exercise
- enjoyable experience in sports
- being good at a particular sport
- being excited by the challenge of sport
- using sport as a stress release
- influence of others where participation is the norm
14
Q
factors forming attitudes
A
- Socialisation - family, peers, teachers and coaches
- past experiences
- social media influence
- cultural and religious beliefs
- personality
- cognitive dissonance
15
Q
what are negative attitudes formed by
A
- not believing in benefits of exercise
- bad past expeirience
- lack of ability
- fear of taking part in sport
- suffering stress when taking part
- influence of others when non-participation is the norm
16
Q
what are the 2 methods of changing attitudes
A
- cognitive dissonance
- persausive communication
17
Q
method of changing attitude
what is the cognitive dissociation theory
A
- individuals like to be consistent in what they do, feel and believe (troadic model). All elements should be consistent to remain stable
- theory suggets that if a person holds two ideas that conflict with each other an element of dissoncance / discomfort (emotion conflict) occurs, to feel comfortable again one of these beliefs needs to be dominant - where teacher or coach can influence attitude
18
Q
how to reduce dissonance when changing attitude
A
one of the conflicting ideas must be lessened
* Cognitive - providing new information to dispel old thoughs
* Affective - changed by giving a different experience which might be more psoitive (feeback and praise)
* Behavioural - ensure skills are simplified to increase change of success and reinforcement
19
Q
method of changing attitude
what is the persausive communication theory
A
this theory involves persauding an individual to change or alter their beliefs, attitudes and behaviour towards something
20
Q
what does the effectiveness of the persausove communication theory depends on
A
- The persauder - person needs to be one who is percieved to be significant and to have high status
- The quality of the message - this needs to be presented in a way that makes the recipient want to change an attitude
- The recipient and their characteristics - attitude is more easily chnaged if the recipient really wishes to be changed
21
Q
define arousal
A
the ‘energised state’ that motivates us to behave in a certain way
- can be positive or negative and affect performers in different ways
- affect both physiologically and psychologically
22
Q
what is arousal and how does it work
A
- Arousal is necessary to perform to a high standard
- Arousal is controlled by the recticular activating system (RAS), this is a cluster of brain cells which maintain levels of arousal
- the RAS can enhance or inhibit incoming sensory stimuli
- Arousal and personality and linked because extroverts inhibit the intensity of stimuli and introverts increase it
23
Q
what are the 3 theories of arousal
A
- drive theory
- inverted U theory
- catastrophe theory
24
Q
what are the 2 types of arousal
A
- somantic arousal - the bodys physiological responses to a stimuli
- cognitive arousal - the bodys psychological repsonse to a stimuli
25
what is the drive theory of arousal and its formula
* suggets a proportional linear relationship between arousal and performance, more aroused the indiviudal the better the performance
* Performance = function ( habit strength x drive or arousal levels
| P = f (HxD)
## Footnote
* with increased arousal the dominant habit / most usual behaviour will be reproduced, poorly learned skill will give a performance full of mistakes whereas a well learned skill will give a skilled performance
26
# Drive theory
what are the pros and cons
**Pros**:
* explains effect of arousal on performance
* useful for simple or well learned skills
* easy to understand and apply to coaching
**Cons**:
* even highly skilled players choke in highly charging situations
* by increasing drive performers often resort to previously learnt skills becuase they are dominant but may be incorrect
27
what is the inverted U theory of arousal
* theory suggets there is an optimim arousal level
* if aroused more than this the performance will decline, if low levels of arousal performance will be below par as athlete is not psyched up
28
# Inverted U theory
what factors will cause the inverted U to shift
* activity
* skill levels
* personality
## Footnote
* inexpierenced people need lower levels of arousal
* experts can manage pressure so can perform well at high levels of arousal
* simple / gross motor skills
* compex / fine motor skills
29
# Inverted U theory
how do complex / fine motor skills affect the levels of arousal required
* delicate and highly controlled or information proccessing tasks **require a low level of arousal**
* high levels of arousal interfere with tasks as close control is required
* **Shift inverted U to the left**
| examples: archery, golf putting, diving, snooker
30
# Inverted U theory
how do simple / gross motor skills affect the level of arousal required
* easy / basic movements require a **higher level of arousal **
* there is a bigger marhin for error and a broader optimal arousal zone (tolerate a bigger arousal level before performance falls)
* **shift inverted U to the right**
| examples: weightlifting, 100m sprint, shot put
31
# Inverted U theory
how does the personality of the performer affect the arousal level required
* more extroverted the performer, the higher the arousal is likely for optimum performance shifitn gthe Inverted U to the right
* introverts would optimise performance at lower levels of arousal shfiitng the invetredt U to the left
Introvert = low arousal levels
| Extrovert = high arousal levels
32
# Inverted U theory
how does the skill level of the performer affect the level of arousal required
* the more skilgul the performer the higher the optimum arousal can be shifting the inverted U to the right (elite performer are autonomous and can cope with higher levels)
33
what is the Catastrophe theory for arousal
* theory suggets **performance can increase as arousal increases but if arousal gets too high a complete loss of performance occurs**
## Footnote
* claims that as somantic arousal increases the quality of performance improves, however performance will reach maximum potential at the optimum level if cognitive arousal / anxiety is kept low
* if high cognitive anxiety + high somantic anxiety the athlete will go beyond the optimum level of arousal and performance drops
34
what is peak flow
* phrase used by personnel who achieve optimum performance levels and assocoate this with a particular emotional response
35
define social facilitation
the effect that the presence of spectators has on the way sportspeople play or perform
## Footnote
* suggets the more presence of others create arousal, which affects performance
36
what are the 2 types of social facilitation
* **social facilitation** - positive
* **social inhibitation** - negative
37
factors affecting social facilitation
* size of audience
* proximity of audience
* status of observer
* knowledge of crowd
* personality of performer
38
what is evalutation apprehension
| Cottrell 1968
* an **audience can be percieved as evaluating and therefore causes anxiety and arousal**
* more xpert and influential the observer, the more likely evaluation apprehension occurs
* this can have a positive or negative effect depending on the confidence of the player
39
social facilitation home field advantage
* large numbers of home supporters
* familiarity of surroundings
* no travelling needed prior to games
40
social facilitation influencing on performance
* **Personality** - extroverts will feel the effect of audience less than an intorvert, extroverts will seek out challenging tasks and do not mind performing infrot of crowd
* **Experience** - people with limited experience will be more affected in front of the crowd more than experts who are regulalry in these situations
* **Type of skill** - gross or simple skills require higher arousal and presence of an audience will often facilitate performance
41
coping stratergies to reduce the effects of social inhibitation and evaluation apprehension inlcude:
* stress management technqiues
* imagery techniques to shut out the audience
* relaxation technqiues
* selective attention
* lowering importance of situation
* training with an audience present or stimulating crowd noises
* raise awareness of the zone of optimal functioning
* ensure skills ar eover learned and performer is confident
42
define aggression
any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment
## Footnote
inent to harm outside the rules
43
what are the different features of aggression
* **is a behvaiour** - actually hitting someone is aggression
* **involves harm or injury to another person** - this can be either physcial harm or psychologial
* **involves intent** - harm which is done accidentally is not aggression
44
define assertive behaviour
this is within the rules and spirit of the game and there is no attempt to harm
## Footnote
some argue this is not technically a form of aggression as it doesn not involve feelings or actions towards another human
45
what are the 4 theories of aggression
1. instinct theory of aggression
2. social learning theory
3. grustartion-aggression theory
4. aggressive cue hypothesis
46
what is the 'grey area' called between assertive and aggressive behaviour
ambiguity
47
what is the instinct theory of aggression
* this theory suggets that **aggression is genetically inherited and that violence lies within everyone due to a basic instinct to dominate**
* highlights aggression is innate and present in all
48
arguements agaisnt the instinct theory
* early humans were not warriors but 'hunter-gatherers'
* close evolutionary relatives (gorillas) would also be expected to be highly aggressive
* human aggression is often not spontaneous
* human aggression is often learned and many cultural differences back this up
49
what is the social learning theory for aggression
aggres**sion is not innate and is learned through observation, imitation and reinforcement** (known as vicarious experiences)
## Footnote
- vicarious learning is all about experiencing something though observation rather than in person, it is the act of wathcing somone else go through an experience
50
what is the frustration-aggression theory
* frusration develops when a need to achieve a goal is blocked, usually happens during defeat, good opposition, poor officiating
* **aggression occurs due to a combination of the need to achieve the goal and frustration at not being able to achieve it**
## Footnote
problem with this theory is that frustarion doesnt always lead to aggression
51
what is the frustartion-aggression theory model
[https://images.app.goo.gl/G74hevWxnNALuaFS8](http://)
## Footnote
catharsis = the proces of relseasing trong emotions providing relief
52
# frustration-aggression theory
whne is frustration more liekly to produce an aggressive response
* the indiviudal is close to achieving their goal
* frustration is cuased deliberately
* blocking of a goal is unfair
53
what is the aggresive cue hypothesis
* theory states that **frustration leads to an increase in arousal whcih in some siutations will lead to aggression **
aggressive cues will trigger aggression if arousal is high:
* baseball bat
* ice hockey sticks
* nature of the game
* padding
## Footnote
however its thought that top players ahve the ablity or temperament to control frustration and arousal
54
what is the aggressive cue hypothesis
[https://images.app.goo.gl/ZUHfuygC7kYCft4d7](http://)
55
what stratergies can prevent performers from becoming aggressive
* stress management technqiues (control arousal)
* avoiud situations that intiate aggressive responses
* remove aggressive player from the situation
* show non aggressive role models
56
define motivation
the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour
## Footnote
* extremely important as without no need for anyone to develop or aquire motor skills
* affects amount of effort players around you put into the game and will to win
57
what are the 3 key considerations for motivation
1. involves our inner drive towards achieving a goal
2. depends on external pressure and rewards we percieve in our environemnt
3. concerns the intensity (arousal level) and direction of our behaviour
58
what are the 2 types of motivation
* intrinsic
* extrinsic
59
what is intrinsic motivation
* comes from within the performer and is characterised by feelings of pride and satisfaction from completing or succeeding in a task
| examples: pride, mastery, interest, growth, enjoyment, fun, purpose
60
what is extrinsic motivation and its two types
extrinsic motivation includes tangible and intangible rewards from an outside source
**tangible**:
* physcial - rewards that inlcude medals and trophies
**intangible**:
* rewards that are non-physcial - praise and encouragement by the coach
61
how to maintain motivation
* make training sessions fun and varied
* coach could adjust training environment to suit the player
* coaches could inspire players by pointing out role models
* as players ain experince more demanding goals can be set
62
why does personality affect motvation
* extrovert individuals enjoy the being praised by others openly
63
define anxiety
the negative effects of stress caused by apprehension
## Footnote
sporting situations can generate great volumes of stress heightened through the pressure of winning or a crowd
64
what are the 2 types of anxiety
* **Trait anxiety** - general disposition of a performer to percieve situations as threatening, naturally anxious indivudals feel apprehensive
* **State anxiety** - form of anxiety occurs in particular siuations, linked to performers mood and therefore various from moment to moment
65
what are the 2 types of responses to anxiety
* cognitve anxiety
* somatic anxiety
66
what is cognitive anxiety
* the **thoughts of worry and concern over percieved lack of ability**, usually prior to an event and is the result of nervousness and apprehension
* it can impair sport performance by disrupting focus, decision making and muscle tension regulation
67
what is somatic anxiety
* the **physiological response on the body**
* increased blood pressure, sweating, DOMS, increased heart rate
68
symptoms of anxiety
* somantic - increased blood pressure, sweating, muscle tension, pacing, vomiting, nausea
* cognitive - confusion, negative thoughts, irritability, poor concentration
69
what is the zone of optima functioning (ZOF)
* the area which the peformer feels like the movements are effortless ad they make the right deciosn quickly, its an emotional response that facilitates top performance
top performers in the zone are:
* relaxed
* confident
* in control
* having fun
* focused
* effortlessness
70
what is cue utilisation
* **attention is more ffective if performer concentrates on cues that are relevant at the particular time**, keeping performer focused
* if cues in environment not used effectvely the sport person fails to gather information from around the field of play
* irrelevant could also easily distract
