1.2

Question 1

What is an orbital

Answer 1

A place where there’s high probability of finding an electron

Question 2

What is the maximum amount of electrons in each sub shell?

Answer 2

s-2
p-6
d-10

Question 3

What is the rule regarding 4s?

Answer 3

electrons enter 4s before 3d, and leave 4s before 3d

Question 4

What are the exceptions of the 4s rule?

Answer 4

Chromium and Copper

Question 5

What is the first molar ionisation energy?

Answer 5

The energy needed to remove one mole of outer electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms

Question 6

What are the 3 factors that affect ionisation energy?

Answer 6

-Distance from nucleus
-Nuclear charge (proton number)
-Inner electron shielding

Question 7

Whats the trend for ionisation energy down a group?

Answer 7

Going down, decreases as there is more shielding and less effective nuclear force

Question 8

What is the trend for ionisation energy going across a period?

Answer 8

Generally increases, as nuclear charge increases

Question 9

Explain the group 2 to 3 discontinuity (Be, B)

Answer 9

-Be outermost electron is on s shell
-B outermost electron is p shell
-B outermost electron is easier to remove because it’s further from nucleus

Question 10

Explain the group 5 to 6 discontinuity (N, O)

Answer 10

-Both have the most outermost electron in the p shell, on same energy level
-Because of repulsion, its easier to remove one of Oxygens paired electrons

Question 11

Explain Alpha decay

Answer 11

• Nucleus emits 2 protons and 2 neutrons
  -Atomic number goes down by 2
  -Atomic mass goes down by 4
  -Can be stopped by a few cm of air or a piece of paper

Question 12

Explain Beta- decay

Answer 12

-An electron is emitted from the nucleus
-Neutron turns into proton
-Atomic number increases
-Mass number stays the same
-Stopped by 5mm of Al or a few metres of air

Question 13

Explain Beta+ decay (positron emission)

Answer 13

-Proton turns into neutron and a positron
-Positron is emitted from nucleus
-Mass number stays same
-Atomic number decreases

Question 14

Explain electron capture

Answer 14

-Occurs in proton rich atoms, outer shell electron is drawn into nucleus and combines with proton, making a neutron
-Mass number remains same
-Atom number drops by one

Question 15

Explain gamma emission

Answer 15

-No particle is emitted and nucleus does not change
-Can be stopped by 10cm of lead, 1m of concrete, or a few km of air

Question 16

How do alpha particles act in an electric field?

Answer 16

-They are positive, heavy, slow moving
-Attracted to negative plate (cathode)

Question 17

How do Beta- particles act in an electric field?

Answer 17

-Light and fast moving
-Attracted to positive plate (anode)

Question 18

How does gamma radiation act in an electric field?

Answer 18

Uncharged, therefore unaffected

Question 19

What is the relationship between frequency and energy?

Answer 19

Directly proportional

Question 20

In the balmer series, what energy level do photons relax to?

Answer 20

the second

Question 21

What are the two equations for energy change?

Answer 21

E=hf
E= hc/lambda

Question 22

What energy levels do photons relax to in the Lyman series?

Answer 22

The first

Question 23

What is the convergence limit?

Answer 23

The frequency at which the difference in frequency between successive lines is zero