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Sinclair Paramedic 2150 > 12- Endocrine > Flashcards

12- Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the Endocrine and Nervous systems

A

Endocrine- Controls body through hormones

Nervous- Controls body through electrical impulses

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2
Q

Characteristics of Endocrine system (4)

A
  1. No ducts
  2. Secretes hormones directly into blood stream
  3. Widespread (systemic) effects
  4. Fundamental structural unit of endocrine system
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3
Q

Characteristics of the Exocrine system (4)

A
  1. Has ducts
  2. Releases hormones through ducts
  3. Have a local effect
  4. Majority are exocrine
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4
Q

What is a Hormone

A

A chemical that causes a receptor cell to respond, usually wide spread effects

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5
Q

What is negative feedback

A

-Hormone is produced
-It works
-Another hormone is released to stop it
Most used feedback system in the body

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6
Q

What is positive feedback

A
  • Low hormone level is produced
  • It doesn’t work
  • More hormone is released
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7
Q

List the glands in the brain (3)

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal

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8
Q

List the glands in the neck (2)

A

Thyroid

Parathyroid

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9
Q

List the gland in the chest

A

Thymus

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10
Q

List the glands in the abdomen (2)

A

Adrenal

Pancreas

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11
Q

List the gland in the pelvis

A

Gonads

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12
Q

List the 4 Cell types of the pancreas

A

Alpha Islets of Langerhans
Beta Islets of Langerhans
Delta cells
F cells

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13
Q

What is the role of Alpha Islets of Langerhans

A

Secrete glucagon to raise blood sugar

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14
Q

What is the role of Beta Islets of Langerhans

A

Secrete insulin which gives a path for glucose to enter cells and reduces BGL

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15
Q

What is the role of Delta Cells

A

Secrete somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin

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16
Q

What is the role of F cells

A

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide which regulates enzymes of the digestive system

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17
Q

Explain the negative feedback system for glucose

A 
1- BGL rises
2- Insulin released
3- Insulin moves sugar into cells to use/Creates new substances/Produces protein/Gets stored in the liver
4- BGL falls to normal
5- Somatostatin stops insulin production
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18
Q

What happens to extra sugar (2)

A

Sugar is converted to glycogen, long chains of sugar

Glycogen is converted to fat for long term storage

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19
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes (2)

A

Insulin is not produced

Juvenile onset/Insulin dependent

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20
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes (2)

A

Decreased insulin production with decreased effect

Adult onset/Non-Insulin dependent

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21
Q

What are the cardinal signs of untreated diabetes (5)

A 
Polyuria
Polydispia
Polyphagia 
Weakness
Weight loss
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22
Q

What is insulin

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A

A protein carrier that transports glucose into a cell

23
Q

What happens when BGL rises

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A

Cells cannot get sugar effectively and begin glyconeogenesis to stay alive

Fatty acids and ammonia are produced and need to be removed

24
Q

What is Glyconeogenesis

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A

The production glucose from fats and proteins which is then moved into the blood stream

25
What is Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen in the liver
26
Signs of chronic hyperglycemia (4)
- High sugar - High circulating fats - Weight loss - Weakness
27
Results of High sugar with chronic Hyperglycemia
Sugar is a diuretic = Dehydration Sugar is neurotoxic = Peripheral neuropathy with can slow or stop blood flow to an area
28
Results of high circulating fats from Hyperglycemia
Plaque buildup = Decreased peripheral circulation and an increased chance of MI/PE
29
4 ways for diabetics to manage BGL
- Exercise - Diet - Reduce stress - Insulin
30
Does an infection raise or lower BGL
Raise
31
What is HHNK
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma -High sugar without ketones in blood
32
``` Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Typical diabetic type Presentation S/S and BGL range Treatment ```
Typically Type 1 diabetic Presentation: Slow, days to weeks, usually due to Physiological stress or pt stops taking insulin S/S: PPP, Warm/dry skin, Abd pain, Dehydration/TachyC, Acidosis/TachyP, Decreased LOC, Fruity odor on breath from Ketones BGL= Above 300 usually 200-600 Treatment: IV, O2, Monitor Fluids, Watch form HypoK (Flat Twaves and dysrhythmias)
33
``` Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (HHNK) Typical diabetic type Presentation S/S and BGL range Treatment ```
Typically Type 2 diabetic Presentation: Slow (days to weeks), accompanies infections and other stress S/S: PPP, warm and dry, Dehydration/TachyC/HypoT, Decreased LOC BGL: Sugar skyrockets can be 1000+ Treatment: IV, O2, Monitor Fluids, Watch for HypoK (Flat Ts, dysrhythmias)
34
``` Insulin Shock Typical diabetic type Presentation S/S and BGL range Treatment ```
Diabetic type: ANY Presentation: Rapid (hours), from too little food, too much insulin, too much exercise S/S: Cool and clammy, Weak/Rapid pulse, ALOC, H/A, Weak, Bizarre Behavior, Seizure Treatment: BELOW 60 W/ S/S = DEXTROSE IV, O2, Monitor, BGL check .5-1 mg IV/IM/IO/SQ 18g or bigger CONSIDER THIAMINE BEFORE GLUCOSE
35
Give BGL ranges for ``` Deadly High High Normal Low Deadly Low ```
``` Deadly High: 1301-1600+ High: 121-1000 Normal: 60-120 Low: 31-59 Deadly Low: 0-10 ```
36
If a diabetic wants to AMA, what should they be advised to eat
Starch meal ASAP | Bread, cereal, pasta, beans
37
What is the role of the Pineal Gland and location
Orientation to time In the brain
38
What is the role of the Hypothalamus (3) and location
Link between nervous and endocrine system Sends info from brain to gland Secrete hormones In the brain
39
What is the role of the Pituitary gland (2) including the Posterior lobe and Anterior lobe And location
The master gland, controls how all other glands work, links nerves to hormones Posterior Lobe- Responds to nerve impulses from hypothalamus Anterior Lobe- Responds to hormones from hypothalamus In the brain
40
What is Oxytocin (Pitocin) responsible for
Uterine contractions | Milk production
41
What is Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone) responsible for
Water retention of kidneys | Vasoconstriction
42
What is the role of the Parathyroid (3) and location
- 4 pea sized organs in neck - Raises calcium - Lowers phosphate -On surface of Thyroid
43
What is the role of the Thyroid (4) and location
- Body’s thermostat, controls how we burn fuels - Stimulates O2 metabolization - Regulates body development - Prevents rise of calcium with calcitonin -Anterior neck
44
What is the role of the Thymus (3) and location
- Responsible for Aging and Immunity - Secretes Thymosis which promotes T lymphocytes - Larger in children then shrinks -Located just behind sternum
45
What is the role of the Adrenal Glands (3) and location
- Release Epi and NorEpi in response to stress - Maintain blood sugar level - Maintains BP - Located on top of kidneys
46
Gigantism Gland Description
Pituitary Description: Usually from a tumor, Increases release of GH (growth hormone)
47
Dwarfism Gland Description Related problems
Pituitary Description: Hypo-secretion of GH usually due to a tumor Related problems: Breathing difficulties, Paralysis
48
Diabetes Insipidus Gland Causes S/S
Pituitary Causes: Trauma, Tumors, Genetics S/S: Kidneys unable to conserve water, polyuria, polydipsia, loss of >3L/day
49
Parathyroid Disorders (4)
- Tumor takes calcium from bones to blood stream - Results in kidney stones - Damage of Parathyroid messes up calcium - Can cause death, joint pain, low sex drive
50
Hashimotos Disease Gland Decritpion S/S Treatment
Gland: Thyroid Description: Hypo-secretion of Thyroid gland during adulthood that slows down the body S/S: HypoTherm, BradyC, BradyP, CHF, Facial edema, Weakness, Sensitivity to narcotics and barbituates, Thick/Dry/Doughy skin Specific changes: Slow/Thick voice, Thin/Brittle hair, slow thought, muscle weakness Treatment: Supportive, no rewarming (blankets ok), ABC’s, watch for Arrhythmias
51
Myxedema Gland Description S/S Treatment
Thyroid Description: Auto-Immune thyroid condition, Adult Hypothyroidism, usually women >60 S/S: Moon face, Hypothermia, Impaired memory, Slow speech and movement, Dry skin, Hoarseness Treatment: Supportive, ABC’s
52
Graves Disease Gland Description S/S Treatment
Thyroid Description: Too much thyroid hormone S/S: Swelling behind eyes, bulging of eyeballs, GOITER, Warm flushed skin, Hyperactive, wight loss Treatment: Watch for TachyC, HyperTherm
53
Addisons Disease Gland Description S/S Treatment
Adrenal Description: Too little secretion and production of corticosteroids S/S: HypoT, Sick looking, HypoG, Dark pigment, Dysrhythmia (prolonged QT) Treatment: Monitor, IV, O2, Antiarrhythmics
54
Cushings Syndrome Gland Description S/S Treatment
Adrenal Description: Too much secretion of Corticosteroids from Adrenal gland S/S: Buffalo hump, Moon face, Hair growth, Purple striae, Insomnia Treatment: Minimize IV sticks, BGL, Vitals

Sinclair Paramedic 2150 (16 decks)

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