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PE-Pychology > 12- Individual Differences > Flashcards

12- Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of personality

A

The patterns of thoughts and feelings and the ways in which we interact with our environment and other people that make us a unique person

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2
Q

What is the definition of anxiety

A

A negative emotional state that is closely associated with arousal. It is experiencing apprehension and being aware of high arousal linked to our fears and worries

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3
Q

List 5 type A characteristics

A 
Highly competitive 
Strong desire to succeed
Works fast
Likes to be in control
Prone to suffer stress
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4
Q

List 5 type B characteristics

A 
Non competitive 
Unambitious 
Works more slowly
Does not enjoy being in control
Less prone to stress
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5
Q

What is a stable personality trait ?

A

Someone who does not swing from one emotion to another but is usually constant in emotional behaviour

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6
Q

What is a unstable (neurotic) personality trait?

A

Someone who is highly anxious and has unpredictable emotions

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7
Q

What is the definition of extroversion?

A

A person who seeks social situations and likes excitement but lacks concentration

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8
Q

What is the definition of introversion

A

A person who does not seek social situations but likes peace and quiet and is good at concentrating

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9
Q

What does the social learning theory suggest about our characteristics

A

That rather then being born with characteristics, we learn them from other people, especially those from those we hold in high esteem (parents, coaches, role models, friends, people in significance to us)

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10
Q

What does behaviour changing depend on according to the social learning theory?

A

Depending on the situation and is therefore a product of our interactions with the environment

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11
Q

According to the social learning theory how is personality learned? And why does psychological functioning occur?

A

By observing, modelling and imitating behaviour, and through experience

As a result of environmental determinants affecting behaviour

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12
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A

It recognises the that trait theory and social learning theory both have a role in determining behaviour and personality. It offers a more realistic explanation of personality explaining how different behaviours are produced for different sit

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13
Q

What does the interactionist approach suggest

A

That we base inherent traits that we then adapt to the situation we are in

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14
Q

What does the trait theory suggest

A

They do not believe that the situation or environment has any bearing on a persons behaviour, behaviour is said to be consistent

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15
Q

What theory attempts to predict behaviour

A

Trait theory

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16
Q

What is the definition of attitude

A

A predisposition to act in a particular way towards something or someone in a persons environment

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17
Q

List 6 things attitudes are formed by

A 
Belief in the benefits of exercise 
Enjoyable experiences in sport
Being good at a particular sport
Being excited by the challenge of sport
Using sport as a stress release 
The influence of others where participation is the norm
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18
Q

List 6 things negative attitudes are formed by

A

not believing in the benefits of exercise

a bad past experience, e.g. Injury a lack of ability

fear of taking part in sport

suffering stress when taking part

the influence of others when non-participation is the norm

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19
Q

What is the 3 parts of the Triadic model and explain what they mean

A

cognitive component- what we know and believe about the attitude we object (beliefs)

affective component how we feel about the attitude object (emotions)

behavioural component how we behave towards, respond to or intend to respond to the attitude object (behaviour).

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20
Q

What are the 2 methods in changing attitudes?

A

Persuasive communication

Cognitive dissonance

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21
Q

What is persuasive communication?

A

An active, non coercive attempt to reinforce, modify or change the attitude of others

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22
Q

What does the effectiveness of persuasive communication depend on?

A

The persuader- the person attempting the change

The message- the quality of the message the persuader is giving

The receiver - the person whose attitude the persuader is trying to change

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23
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Individuals like to be consistent in what they do feel and believe. This theory results in individuals having contradictory thoughts about something or someone, which creates an attitude.

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24
Q

Define motivation

A

The internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour - sage 1974

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25
Define drive
Directed, motivated or energised behaviour that an individual has toward achieving a certain goal
26
What are the 3 considerations for motivation
Our inner drive towards achieving a goal External pressures and rewards we perceive The intensity and the direction of our behaviour
27
What are the 2 types of motivation
Intrinsic- the drive from within for example want to achieve mastery for its own sake, includes feelings of fun enjoyment and satisfaction Extrinsic- comes from an outside source, for example a trophy or reward. Valuable motivator for the beginner but will eventually undermine the intrinsic motivation
28
Define arousal
The energised state or the readiness for action that motivates us to behave in a particular way
29
What are the 2 types of arousal and explain them
Somatic- relates to the physiological state of the body Cognitive- relates to the changing psychological state of the body
30
What are the 3 theories of arousal
Drive theory Inverted U theory Catastrophe theory
31
What is the drive theory
Demonstrates a linear relationship between performance and arousal, so as arousal increases so does performance
32
For the drive theory what does the quality of performance depend on
How well the skill has been learned, motor programmes that have already learned are said to be the dominant response
33
When is a dominant response or behaviour most likely to emerge ( drive theory)
When a performer experiences an increase in arousal
34
What is the behaviour formula
Behaviour = habit x drive
35
When is high arousal beneficial
To expert performers ( autonomou stage ) because their dominant behaviour would tend to Rosie’s a response which is fluent and technically correct Also helps gross and simple skills
36
What does the inverted u theory state
That arousal improves performance up to an optimal point, past this point performance begins to decrease. The conditions of both under and over arousal severely limit the capacity to learn skills and perform them up to potential
37
What is it important to consider in the inverted U theory
Personality- extroverts learn best under conditions of high Arousal, introverts at low arousal Type of task: high- gross, simple, closed Low- fine, complex, open Stage of learning - low- cognitive/ associative High- autonomous Level or experience: high- experienced Low- novice
38
How can under arousal impact performance
Difficult to direct and focus attention and concentration onto relevant environmental cues Concentration is lost because attentional field is too wide Many unwanted cues in the environment learner may be day dreaming Selective attention, cannot operate Information overload prevents decision making
39
How can optimum performance impact performance
Perfect state Attentional field is ideal width Performer is able to learn or concentrate fully Increased capacity to concentrate means the most important cues can be absorbed from the environment- accurate decision making Cue utilisation theory predicts that the detection of the most important information occurs at the optimum point of arousal
40
How can over arousal impact performance
Causes attentional field to narrow Relevant environmental cues are lost. Performer is often in a state of panic Also known as hypervigilance Selective attention, cannot operate Concentration is seriously impeded
41
State the catastrophe theory
As somatic Arousal increases, the quality of performance improves. However performance will only reach maximum potential at the optimum level if cognitive arousal anxiety is kept low. If high cognitive anxiety coincides with high somatic anxiety, the athlete will go beyond the optimum level of arousal and has gone over the edge and performance drops.
42
What does the vertical drop in catastrophe theory mean
It depicts a performance disaster or catastrophe, after the catastrophe the performer can rejoin the upward curve of arousal, this return requires reduce in cognitive anxiety
43
Define trait anxiety
A trait that is enduring in an individual. A performer with high trait anxiety has the predisposition or the potential to react to situations with apprehension
44
Define competitive trait anxiety
A tendency to perceive competitive situations as threatening and to respond to these situations with feelings of apprehension or tension
45
Define State anxiety
The athletes emotional state atvant given time; variable from situations to situation
46
Possible symptoms of somatic anxiety
``` Increase bp Sweating Adrenaline boost Need to urinate Muscle tension Pacing Yawning Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea Loss of appetite ```
47
Possible symptoms of cognitive anxiety
``` Indecision Confusion Negative thoughts Poor concentration Irritability Loss of confidence Images of failure ```
48
What is the zone of optimal functioning
It is the thought of important state well being
49
What is a top performer like ‘in the zone’
``` Relaxed Confident Completely focused Find activity is effortless Find movements are automatic Have fun Are in control ```
50
What is aggression
Is the intent to harm or injure outside the rules of the game
51
What is assertion
It is forceful behaviour within the laws of the event
52
What is the instinct theory of aggression
Views aggression as being a natural response, innate and instinctive Animalistic
53
How does humans develop aggression in instinct theory of aggression
Humans develop aggression as survival instinct
54
What is the frustration aggression hypothesis
That frustration will always lead to aggression.
55
What does blocking of goals do in the frustration aggression hypothesis
It increases an individuals drive, thus increasing aggression and frustration
56
If success follows (in frustration aggression hypothesis) what does it lead to and define it.
Catharsis - the release of frustration which leads to a feeling of well being
57
Define social facilitation
The positive influence in sports performance of others who may be watching or competing
58
Define social inhibition
The negative influence in sports performance of others who may be watching or competing
59
What’s the social learning theory in aggression
Aggression is learned by observation of others Imitation of this aggressive behaviour is then reinforced by social acceptance
60
Give an example of social learning theory in aggression
If we see a team mate fouling an opponent and this drops them from playing well, it is reinforced and copied
61
What is the aggressive cue hypothesis
For aggression to occur certain stimuli must be present These stimuli are cues for the performer which are subconsciously linked to aggression
62
In aggressive due hypothesis, frustration causes anger and arousal. What does this create
A readiness for aggression
63
Give an example of aggression cue hypothesis
A player sees a team mate fouled then decides to join in
64
What are the 4 factors that Zajonc identities that affect performance
The presence of an audience increases arousal Increases in arousal will trigger the dominant response If a skill is well learned, response to be correct If the skill is new or poorly learned, the response will be incorrect
65
What does evaluation apprehension do
Increases arousal levels, which in turn increases heart rate and causes other detrimental effects.
66
What are the effects of social facilitation and social inhibition on performance
Home v away - teams often win at home due to nature of audience. Some suggest it is harder to win at home due to increase pressure Personality factors - type A perform wisest in front of an audience then type. Extroverts tends to perform better in a crowd then introverts Levels of experience- performing in front of an audience before will help nerves but if you messed up in front of them before, they may expect to fail again. Elite better then beginners due to dominant response been correct. Performing in front of peers can aid experts but increases anxiety for novices Type of skill- gross skills helped by arousal so an audience can facilitate performance. Fine or complex skills are more desirable at lower levels of arousal, so an Audience could inhibit performance Other influences- nature of crowd, if noisy may make you nervous.
67
Strategies to minimise social inhibition
``` Imagery techniques Relaxation techniques Training with an audience present Preparing to deal with negative reactions of co actors Decreasing the importance of an event Remaining calm and focused ```

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