1.2 scientific research methodologies

Question 1

Controlled experiment

Answer 1

Casual relationship between variables is tested in a controlled environment.
- Effect of IV is tested while controlling all other variables.

Question 2

Types of psychological studies

Answer 2

• Controlled experiment
• Case studies
• Correlational study

Question 3

Case study

Answer 3

In-depth investigation of individual, group, or phenomena.
- Contains real or hypothetical situation + includes complexities that would be encountered in the real world.

Question 4

Correlational study

Answer 4

• Non-experimental study
• Researchers observe + measure relationship between 2 or more variables with no active control or manipulation.

Question 5

Other processes + techniques

Answer 5

• Classification + identification
• Fieldwork
• Literature review
• Modelling
• Product, process, or system development
• Simulation

Question 6

Classification + identification

Answer 6

C - arrangement of phenomena into manageable sets.
I - recognition of phenomena as belonging to particular sets or being part of a new unique set.

Question 7

Fieldwork

Answer 7

Research involving observation + interaction with people + environments in real-world settings.
- Conducted beyond laboratory.

Question 8

Literature review

Answer 8

• Collating + analysing secondary data related to other people’s scientific findings or viewpoints.
• In order to answer a question, provide background info, or as preparation for an investigation.

Question 9

Modelling

Answer 9

Construction/manipulation of a physical model or a conceptual model.

Question 10

Product, process, or system development

Answer 10

Design or evaluation of a system or artefact to meet a human need.

Question 11

Simulation

Answer 11

Process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system.

Question 12

Controlled experimental designs

Answer 12

• Between-subjects (control + experimental groups)
• Within-subjects (same participants in both)
• Mixed-subjects (combine elements of each)

Question 13

Within-subjects design

Answer 13

A - less people are needed
D - order effects

Question 14

Between-subjects design

Answer 14

A - less time-consuming
D - participant differences can affect results

Question 15

Mixed subjects

Answer 15

A - allows multiple experimental conditions to be compared to a baseline control group.
D - costly + demanding.

Question 16

Types of fieldwork

Answer 16

• Direct observation
• Qualitative interviews
• Questionnaires
• Focus groups
• Yarning circles