#12 u3aos2 - mutli-store model of memory (ch6a)

Question 1

explanatory power
1 mark

Answer 1

the ability of a theory/model to explain the matter of a subject effectively

Question 2

memory
3 marks

Answer 2

an internal record of a prior experience or event
it is known as the encoding, storage, and retrieval
of information acquired through learning

Question 3

encoding
2 marks

Answer 3

converting information into a usable form
so it can be processed by the brain

Question 4

storage
1 mark

Answer 4

retaining encoded information over a period of time

Question 5

retrieval
2 marks

Answer 5

accessing information that has been stored so that
we are consciously aware of it

Question 6

multi-store model of learning
5 marks

Answer 6

represents memory as consisting of three distinguishable components / stores
that process information differently
but operating simultaneously and interact:
- sensory memory
- short term memory (STM)
- long-term memory (LTM)

Question 7

role
1 mark

Answer 7

the function of a memory store

Question 8

capacity
1 mark

Answer 8

the amount of information held within a memory store

Question 9

duration
1 mark

Answer 9

the length of time information is held within a memory store

Question 10

sensory information
1 mark

Answer 10

visual or auditory information

Question 11

sensory memory
2 marks

Answer 11

a memory system
and the entry point for all new information
recieved by the senses into memory

Question 12

characteristics of sensory memory
5 marks

Answer 12

• different categories: echoic and iconic
• capacity: unlimited
• duration: short period of time (couple of seconds)
• information is stored as an exact copy/replica of its original sensory form.
• information stored is not consciously aware of and acts like a filter to keep the relevant information.

Question 13

what are the two sensory memory stores
2 mark

Answer 13

echoic memory store
iconic memory store

Question 14

echoic memory store
2 mark

Answer 14

stores incoming auditory information
for 3 to 4 seconds

Question 15

iconic memory store
2 marks

Answer 15

stores incoming visual information for 0.3 to 0.5 seconds

Question 16

short-term memory (STM)
3 marks

Answer 16

a memory system
in which all the information we are consciously aware of
is stored for a relatively short period of time (unless renewed in some way

Question 17

characteristics of STM
2 marks

Answer 17

• capacity: limited
• duration: limited
• known as working memory where information can be manipulated to perform everyday functions
• information in STM is no longer a replica but instead an encoding

Question 18

working memory
1 mark

Answer 18

information is manipulated to perform everyday functions

Question 19

characteristics of the capacity in STM
3 marks

Answer 19

• limited capacity with 5 to 9 pieces at a time
• however this can be increased by chunking information together
• when the STM is full, new information can only be added by getting rid of old information

Question 20

what are two ways information can be forgotten in STM
2 marks

Answer 20

• displacement
• decay

Question 21

displacement
1 mark

Answer 21

old info being pushed out by new info

Question 22

decay
1 mark

Answer 22

memory fading due to the lack of use

Question 23

characteristics of the duration in STM

Answer 23

• STM can last 30 seconds without interference
• recalling information declines after about 12 seconds
• almost all information dissapears around 18 seconds if not revived.
• maintainence rehearsal is used to increase the duration of STM

Question 24

maintainence rehearsal
2 marks

Answer 24

the continual repitition of information
to increase the duration of STM

Question 25

long-term memory (LTM) 3 marks

Answer 25

a memory system that **potentially* holds unlimited amounts of information relatively permanently in a highly organised way (semantically)

Question 26

characteristics of LTM

Answer 26

- capacity: unlimited - duration: unlimited

Question 27

semantic 1 mark

Answer 27

relating/according to meaning

Question 28

what is beneficial about storing information semantically 1 mark

Answer 28

it makes individuals retrieve it efficiently

Question 29

what happens to information when it needs to be used but is stored in LTM 2 mark

Answer 29

it gets retrieved and then held in the STM while it is being used. When it is no longer required, it is sent back to the LTM

Question 30

why is information forgotten in LTM 2 marks

Answer 30

information that is forgotten still exists in the LTM however we lack the right cues to trigger it's retrieval

Question 31

what is one way to ensure that a LTM is easily recalled in STM 1 mark

Answer 31

elaborative rehearsal

Question 32

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 32

adding detail to information that is trying to be retrieved. this includes: - giving meaning to the information - linking it with other information that is already stored in LTM

Question 33

process of information through the memory systems 17 marks

Answer 33

1. sensory information enters **sensory memory** - capacity: unlimited - duration: short 2. in this memory system information is stored as a replica of the original form 3. information is lost if it's not **attended** to 4. information is passed to **short term memory** if payed attention to - capacity: limited (5 - 9 pieces of info) - duration: limited (30 seconds) 5. in this memory system information is manipulated according to the individuals needs 6. to keep the information, **maintainence rehearsal** (continuous repitition of info) takes place 7. information **decays** or gets **displaced** if not **rehearsed** 8. information is passed onto **long-term memory** to be encoded - capacity: unlimited - duration: lifetime 9. information is primarily stored here unnless it needs to be **retrieved** by the STM 10. when the information is not needed it will **encode** back to LTM 11. some information may be lost if it isn't retrieved