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Biomed 2 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are invertebrate nervous system specialised for

A

stimulus/response
receptor/effector
reflexes
conditioned responses

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2
Q

what is a nerve net

A

loose network of neurons
simplest form of nervous system found in invertebrates, found in hydras/jellyfishes

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3
Q

what does the forebrain consist of

A

cerebrum
optic structures
olfactory lobe

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4
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of

A

brainstem - pons
medulla
cerebellum

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5
Q

what is gray matter

A

cell bodies of neurons

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6
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated axons
connect different parts of gray matter to eachother

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7
Q

what is the coronal and axial planes

A

coronal - frontal
axial - horizontal

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8
Q

what is rostral

A

the tip of the brain that aims towards of the eyes is rostral most

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9
Q

what is caudal

A

the tail of the spinal cord is caudal most

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10
Q

features of the dura

A

strongest and superficial most layer
in contact with bone

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11
Q

features of the arachnoid meninge

A

web like protective layer

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12
Q

function of the subarachnoid space

A

allows space for blood vessels and contains cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

features of the pia

A

inner most layer
in contact with the CNS

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14
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid

A

cell-free fluid that circulates in the subarachnoid space

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15
Q

what produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

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16
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

large bundle of white matter that connects the two brain hemispheres

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17
Q

function of the brainstem

A

acts as a conduit for information between the spinal cord and higher centres of the brain

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18
Q

where is the majority of nerve nuclei located

A

brainstem

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19
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

modifies movement - compares sensory information with pre-motor information
integrates proprioceptive information that feeds back to cerebral cortex to refine movement

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20
Q

where does the cerebellum receive input from

A

spinal cord
cerebral cortex
vestibular cortex
motor systems in neocortex

21
Q

where does the cerebellum output information to

A

vestibular systems
brain stem
muscle spindles
motor and pre-motor cortices

22
Q

in a spinal nerve, where do afferent fibres enter

A

dorsal root

23
Q

in a spinal nerve, where do efferent fibres leave

A

ventral root

24
Q

stages of a reflex arc

A

receptor
sensory neuron
integration centre
motor neuron
effector

25
Q

what is a polysynaptic reflex

A

reflex arc that involves multiple neurons
interneurons control more than one muscle group
produce either EPSPs and/or IPSPs

26
Q

where are signals from the cell soma summated and what is this area considered to be

A

the axon hillock
hillock considered to be the trigger zone for a threshold potential to reach an action potential

27
Q

what are both the hillock and axon initial segment rich in

A

voltage gated Na+ channels

28
Q

what is MAP2

A

neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins found in dendrites
microtubule associated protein

29
Q

what is betaIV spectrin

A

cytosketetal protein found in axons and some non-neuronal cells

30
Q

what is a golgi stain and what does it result in

A

nervous tissue treated with potassium dichromate and silver nitrate
results in silver precipitation in the neuron

31
Q

where are cell bodies of multipolar neurons found

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord

32
Q

what do multipolar neurons display

A

large pale staining nucleus
prominent nucleus
nissl bodies

33
Q

what is a nissl substance and where is it absent

A

stains RER and polyribosomes
largely absent in the axon

34
Q

what is a ganglia

A

aggregation of nerve cells outside the CNS

35
Q

what are dorsal root ganglia surrounded by

A

connective tissue capsule which is continuous with the peripheral nerve

36
Q

what are individual ganglion cells surrounded by

A

layer of flattened satellite cells

37
Q

what are the 3 layers within gray matter

A

outer molecular layer
single layer of purkinje cells
granular cells

38
Q

what is the molecular layer composed of

A

basket cells
stellate cells

39
Q

what is the most abundant neuron is

A

granule cell

40
Q

what are the largest cells in the cerebellum

A

purkinje neurons

41
Q

what are the types of glia in the CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendroglia
ependymal cells
microglia

42
Q

types of glia in the PNS

A

Schwann cells
satellite cells

43
Q

function of astrocytes

A

provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

44
Q

what are the types of astrocytes and where are they located

A

fibrous - white matter
protoplasmic - gray matter
muller glia - retina
radial glia - specailised cells in developing CNS

45
Q

voltage of a neuron at rest

A

-70mV

46
Q

concentration of Na+ inside and out the axon

A

inside - 15mM
outside - 145mM

47
Q

concentration of K+ inside and out the axon

A

inside - 140mM
outside - 5mM

48
Q

concentration of Cl- inside and out the axon

A

inside - 4-30mM
outside - 110mM

49
Q

what blocks Na+/K+ ATPase

A

ouabain

Biomed 2 (18 decks)

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