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Biomed 2 > Neuro - Sensory systems > Flashcards

Neuro - Sensory systems Flashcards

1
Q

what effects the rate of neurotransmitter release

A

stimulus strength
amplitude of generator potential
frequency of AP’s in afferent fibres

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2
Q

what are the 2 ways a signal can be transmitted

A

specialised sensory neurone
specialised epithelial receptor

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3
Q

what is a tonic receptor adapted for

A

continue to respond to respond for the duration of the stimulus
consistent rate of AP’s
slowly adapting
nociceptors

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4
Q

what are phasic receptors adapted for

A

burst of AP at onset and end of stimulus
some touch receptors
(feeling your watch only when you put in on and take it off)

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5
Q

what is a dermatome

A

region of skin innervated by the spinal nerve of a single nerve of a single dorsal root ganglion

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6
Q

where are somatic nerves segmented into

A

region of the periphery that they innervate

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7
Q

what is a receptive field

A

area of skin in which stimulation results in a change in rate of AP’s

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8
Q

what is the size of a receptive field dependant on

A

number of sensory receptor and size of branching of the sensory afferent

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9
Q

what does a higher density of sensory receptors equate to

A

smaller receptive fields
(your hands have a shit load of receptors so have small receptive fields)

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10
Q

what is two point discrimination

A

ability to distinguish 2 simultaneously applied stimulants as separate
spatial acuity

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11
Q

function of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system

A

transmission pathway for touch to the body
1-3 order neurones transmit to somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

function of the trigeminothalamic system

A

transmission pathway for touch to the face
via the thalamus

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13
Q

feature of superficial receptors and name 2

A

high spatial acuity
meissner’s corpuscle
merkel’s disks

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14
Q

features of deep receptors and name 2

A

low spatial acuity
ruffini’s capsule
pacinian corpuscle

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15
Q

which receptors are phasic

A

meissner’s corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle

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16
Q

which receptors are tonic

A

ruffini’s capsule
merkel’s disk

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17
Q

function of the outer ear

A

amplifies sound pressure at 2-5kHz
localisation of sound source

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18
Q

function of the middle ear

A

important for amplifying the sound wave

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19
Q

why does the middle ear need to amplify sound

A

because the inner ear has an aqueous environment that dampens the sound waves

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20
Q

structure of the basilar membrane

A

snake that gets wider
narrow to wider to allow for distinction of different frequencies

21
Q

how does the basilar membrane work

A

movements of vibrational energy causes the stereocilia in the cochlea to either undulate upwards or downwards

22
Q

what do hair cells in the cochlea release

A

glutamate at the basolateral surface

23
Q

function of the inner hair

A

afferent inputs
signals to CNS

24
Q

function of outer hair

A

receives efferent signals from the CNS
modulates their activity

25
Q

what is a ribbon

A

cytoskeletal specialisation
allows organisation of vesicles for faster neurotransmitter release

26
Q

what are tip-links

A

link together stereocilia
co-ordinates their movement
distortion leads to open ion channels

27
Q

what are stereocilia bathed in

A

endolymph - high in K+

28
Q

what are base bathed in

A

bathed in perilymph - low in K+

29
Q

how do outer hair cells respond to electrical signals

A

contract - depolarisation
expand - hyperpolarisation

30
Q

what is a feature of auditory nerve cells

A

they are bipolar

31
Q

where are auditory nerve cells located

A

spinal ganglion

32
Q

where does information from both ear reach

A

both sides of the superior olive

33
Q

where is the vestibular system located

A

inner ear

34
Q

what is the vestibular system composed of

A

saccule
utricle
semi-circular cannals

35
Q

what types of semi-circular cannals are there

A

superior
posterior
horizontal

36
Q

what is the vestibular system attached to

A

the cochlea
they share fluids and ionic profile

37
Q

what are the utricle and saccule classified as

A

otolith organs

38
Q

where are vestibular hair cells located

A

utricle
saccule
ampullae of semi-circular cannals

39
Q

what occurs at vestibular hair cells at rest

A

tonic release of neurotransmitters
β-waves
some ion channels still open

40
Q

what is the macula

A

sensory epithelium

41
Q

what overlays the stereocilia

A

otolithic membrane

42
Q

what is the otoconia

A

crystal structure embedded in the otolithic membrane
makes it more dense
allows it to respond to gravity

43
Q

what is the striola

A

hair cell positioning is mirrored, striola is in the middle
(short-long (striola) long-short)

44
Q

what is the purpose of mirrored hair cell positioning

A

creates differential pattern of excitability
if head tilts one way - hairs will move from short to long on side and vice versa on the opposite side
causes difference in polarisation

45
Q

what does the utricle and saccule detect

A

utricle - horizontal movements
saccule - vertical movements

46
Q

what do semi-circular cannals detect and how

A

head rotation
endolymph flow displaces cupula

47
Q

what is the vestribulo-ocular reflex

A

reflexively move your eyes in the opposite direction as your head

48
Q

what is oscillopsia

A

caused by damage to the vestibular system
results in ‘bouncing vision’

Biomed 2 (18 decks)

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