Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disorders of Gait, Neuro & Eye > Muscle path > Flashcards

Muscle path Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the structure of muscle

A
  • Myofibres (muscle cells) - Long, multinucleate giant cells. Contractile proteins: Myofibrils made of actin and myosin
  • Satellite cells (reserve cells or resting myoblasts)
  • Endomysium: CT surrounding myofiber
  • Perimysium: CT surrounding groups of myofibres
  • Epimysium: CT surrounds whole muscle and is continue with fascia
  • Huge blood supply
  • Skeletal muscles insert via tendons (usually onto bones)
  • Different types of myofibres: 1, 2a, 2b, Fast, slow, Rate of fatigue
  • Skeletal muscle requires innervation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

reserve cells or resting myoblasts - when we see skeletal muscle degeneration its usually the resting myoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

CT surrounding groups of myofibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

CT surrounding myofibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the epimysium

A

CT surrounds whole muscle and is continue with fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What aer the common causes of muscle atrophy?

A

Catabolism or disuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Common cause of hypertropy

A

Increased use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two adaptive changes to muscle cell injury?

A

Atrophy and hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do you expect to see in muscular necrosis?

A
  • Segmental cell death
  • Hyaline degeneration
  • granular degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What microscopic changes are considered to be reversible cell injury?

A
  • Swelling
  • vacuolation
  • fatty change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If sarcolemma (cell membrane) is intact, what kind of regeneration would you expect to see?

A

o If sarcolemma (cell membrane) remains intact, regeneration of myofiber will occur through satellite cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If sarcolemma (cell membrane) is NOT intact, what kind of regeneration would you expect to see?

A

o If not, fibrosis predominates: Cell injury → necrosis → mononuclear cell infiltrate → phagocytosis → repair (regeneration or fibrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What musclar post mortem changes would you expect to see?

A
  • Rigor mortis
  • Colour changes - haemolysis, pallor (anaemia, exsanguination), dark colour (cachexia, congestion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you detect muscle pathology?

A
  • Physical examiation
  • Serum biochem - (CK and AST)
  • Biopsy (can be difficult)
  • Functional studies
  • Ultrastructural studies - not common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is assoicatde with pallor?

A

Necrosis
Degeneration
Anaemia
Youth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is associated with pale streaking?

A

Myofibre necrosis
Mineralisation
Fibrosis

17
Q

What is associated with dark red mottling?

A

Congestion
Haemorrhage
Haemorrhagic necrosis
Inflammation
Myoglobin imbibition

18
Q

What is associated with green discolouration?

A

Eosinophilic infiltration
Putrefaction (bacteria)

19
Q

What is associated with tan discolouration?

A

lipofuscin

20
Q

What are exertional myopathies?

A
  • Probably involve metabolic derangements associated with lowered pH
  • Affected muscles may be oedematous, haemorrhagic or pale
  • May lead to myoglobinuric nephropathy
  • important in kangaroos and horses
  • Includes capture myopathy, equine rhabodomyolysis
21
Q

What is porcine stress syndrome?

A
  • Excessive muscle contraction
  • Occurs in several strains: Landrace, Duroc, Yorkshire, Hampshir
  • Genetic defect results in abnormal activity of ryanodine receptor
  • Hypercontraction/hyperthermia triggered by stress, halothane, switch to anaerobic glycolysis
  • Lesions: May be subtle on shoulders, back, thighs
  • Histology: Hypercontraction, coagulative necrosis (PSE pork)
22
Q

What are nutritional and toxic muscle diseases classified as?

A

Degeneration

23
Q

What is meant my myositis?

A

Myositis is muscle inflammation

24
Q

What can cause myositis?

A
  • Bacterial (wooden tongue in cattle, botryomycosis in pigs, TB, streptococcal associated myopathies in horses)
  • Clostridial (gas gangrene and malignant oedema in all species, blackleg
  • Viral (Porcine enceohalomyelitis, FMD, akabane, bluetongue [reovirus])
  • Parasitic (cysticercus, toxoplasma, neospora caninum, Sarcocystis, Trypanosoma, Babesia, Hepatozoon spp)
25
Q

What are some examples of immune mediated muscle diseases?

A
  • Masticatory myositis
  • polymyositis
26
Q

Give some examples of toxic muscle diseases

A
  • From plants: gossypol and cassia occidentalis. Cause multifocal monophasic segmental necrosis
  • From feed additives: ionophores
27
Q

What are some nutritional causes of muscle disease?

A
  • Deficient soils
  • hyperkalaemia (cats) and hypocalaemia - muscle weakness
28
Q

What are some endocrine causes of muscular disease?

A

Hypothyroidism
hyperadrenocorticism

Disorders of Gait, Neuro & Eye (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions