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NURS 366 > <3 > Flashcards

<3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

myocardium, endocardium, epicardium

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

inner (visceral) and outer (parietal)

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3
Q

Where does the heart lie?

A

within the thorax in the mediastinal space

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4
Q

What divides the heart?

A

septum

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5
Q

Is the atrial myocardium thicker or thinner than ventricular myocardium?

A

thinner

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6
Q

Why are the ventricular walls thick?

A

To make the force needed to pump blood into systemic circulation

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7
Q

Trace the blood flow through the heart

A

The right atrium receives venous blood from the inferior and superior venae cava and the coronary sinus. The blood then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. With each contraction, the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium by way of the pulmonary veins. It then passes through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. As the heart contracts, blood is ejected through the aortic valve into the aorta and thus enters the systemic circulation.

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8
Q

How many valves are in the heart?

A

4

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9
Q

Why are the heart valves important?

A

They keep blood flowing forward

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10
Q

How are the mitral and tricuspid valves anchored?

A

chordae tendinae anchor themselves to the valves and to the papillary muscles of the ventricles

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11
Q

Which valves will prevent eversion of the leaflets into the atria during ventricular contraction?

A

tricuspid and mitral valves

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12
Q

Which valves will prevent blood from regurgitating into the ventricles at the end of each ventricular contraction?

A

semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic valves)

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13
Q

What supplies blood to the myocardium?

A

coronary circulation

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14
Q

When will blood flow into the 2 major coronary arteries?

A

during diastole

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15
Q

Where does the left coronary artery arise from?

A

aorta

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16
Q

What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

A

left anterior descending and left circumflex artery

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17
Q

What do the left coronary arteries supply blood to?

A

left atrium, left ventricle, interventricular septum, and part of the right ventricle

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18
Q

Where does the right coronary artery arise from?

A

aorta

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19
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, and part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle

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20
Q

What will supply blood to the AV node and bundle of His in 90% of people?

A

right coronary artery

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21
Q

The blockage of which artery will cause serious defects in cardiac conduction?

A

Right coronary artery

22
Q

Where does most of the blood from the coronary system drain into?

A

Coronary sinus which will then empty in the RA near the entrance of the inferior vena cava

23
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

24
Q

How do electrical impulses travel through the heart?

A

SA node to atria to AV node to the bundle of his to the left and right bundle branches

25
Q

How long does it take for an impulse to be delivered through the heart?

A

.12 seconds

26
Q

When will the heart muscle not respond to any stimulation?

A

During the absolute refractory period

27
Q

When will the relative refractory period occur?

A

Early diastole

28
Q

What do the intervals between waves on an ECG reflect?

A

The time it takes for the signal to travel from 1 area of the heart to another

29
Q

What does cardiac output measure?

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in a minute

30
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

stroke volume times heart rate

31
Q

What is the normal range for cardiac output?

A

4-8L/min

32
Q

What is the cardiac index and what does it reflect?

A

CO divided by the Body Surface Area. It reflects the relative CO for the body size

33
Q

What is the normal cardiac index

A

2.8-4L/min/meter squared

34
Q

What is the highest HR that can go for a short period of time before there are harmful effects?

A

180 bpm

35
Q

Factors that affect stroke volume

A

preload contractility and afterload

36
Q

What is the amount of blood stretching the ventricles at the end of diastole?

A

preload

37
Q

What are 3 conditions that can increase preload?

A

hypertension, aortic valve disease, and hypervolemia

38
Q

What are two hormones that can increase contractility?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

39
Q

What is afterload?

A

Peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump

40
Q

What can the size of the ventricle, wall tension, and arterial BP affect?

A

Afterload

41
Q

What is the afterload that the right ventricle pumps against?

A

pulmonary arterial resistance

42
Q

What is the ability to respond to demands by altering CO termed as?

A

cardiac reserve

43
Q

What do capillaries connect?

A

Arterioles and venules

44
Q

Two largest arteries

A

Aorta and Pulmonary arteries

45
Q

Two largest veins

A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

46
Q

Two largest veins

A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

47
Q

Which receptors will mediate the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

beta-adrenergic receptors

48
Q

Which nerve will mediate stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

vagus

49
Q

What is the source of neural control of blood vessels?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

50
Q

What does increased/decreased simulation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors cause?

A

vasoconstriction/vasodilation

NURS 366 (29 decks)

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