chapter 9

Question 1

Where do people learn about culture?

Answer 1

Family, schools.

Question 2

What 2 changes did the Indian Act of 1884 make?

Answer 2

Make it mandatory for status Indians under the age of 16 until they reached 18 years old.

Question 3

What are residential schools?

Answer 3

The schools created under the Indian Act that were government funded and church run.
Only Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island did not have residential schools.

Question 4

How many residential schools were there from 1884 to 1996?

Answer 4

130

Question 5

What happened to parents that did not send their children to school?

Answer 5

They were fined or jailed.

Question 6

Could students leave the school grounds?

Answer 6

Students were forced to stay in residences on school grounds. Often they were physically removed from their homes. Depending on how far away they lived from the school, many did not see their parents for 10 months in a year.

Question 7

How were students treated?

Answer 7

Siblings were usually separated and placed on different floors of the schoo.
-they weren’t allow to speak their language
-they couldn’t play games with each other that they had learnt at home
-they were punished harshly if they did any of these things

Question 8

What did Matthew Coon think was the purpose of residential schools?

Answer 8

To take the Indian out of the Indian.

Question 9

Who was Duncan Campbell Scott. What did he see as the reason for education?

Answer 9

He was the Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1913 to 1932. He used education to ‘assimilate’ first nations people.
He was quoted saying “I want to get rid of the Indian problem. Our objective is to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed in the body politic and there is no Indian question. Education is in the forefront of their requirements now”

Question 10

What was the treatment in residential schools?

Answer 10

-separation from community and family
- kept from speaking their language
- told negative things about their cultures
- poor living conditions
-physical and sexual abuse

Question 11

How did the treatment in residential schools affect the students and their communities?

Answer 11

-low self esteem
- lack of positive role models
-loss of parenting skills
-loss of language, culture and identity
-separation from family and community
-feeling unloved and uncared for
-higher suicide rates among First Nations peoples compared to other Canadians

Question 12

Who was Jane Stewart and what did she do in 1998?

Answer 12

She was the Minister of Indian Affairs and apologized on behalf of the Canadian government to students of residential schools. After the apology it was announce that the Aboriginal Healing Foundation would be set up to manage 245 million dollars to proved counselling and programs for former students.

Question 13

Why did the need to speed up the compensation process for residential school students.

Answer 13

Many of them were elderly and ill. The government also set up a new department to deal with this in June 2001.

Question 14

In November 2005 and agreement in principle was reached by the Assembly of First Nations and the federal government. What did it include?

Answer 14

Improved compensation process for victims of physical and sexual abuse
-$10,000 to each student for the loss of language, culture and family life
-60 million was provided to create a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to allow students to tell their stories
-5 years additional funding for the Aboriginal Healing Foundation

Question 15

What is disaggregated mean?

Answer 15

divided into parts - removal of traditional territory, relocation of Aboriginal people and separation of child from parent and community

Question 16

If former students (86,000) accept the $10,000, or compensation package what will happen?

Answer 16

The agreement would release the government and churches from all other claims about residential schools. But, they can still seek the righting of past wrong (redress) for physical and sexual abuse any suffered.

Question 17

What causes people to choose civil strife, violence or confrontation?

Answer 17

If efforts at redressing (making a wrong right) an issue through a democratic process has failed a person or group. If the system in place has not protected the right of people through the legal system. People may feel they need to take care of it themselves.

Question 18

What did member of the Mohawk First Nation do in March of 1990?

Answer 18

They blocked a road and occupied an area of land near Oka, Quebec. They didn’t want a golf cours not he land which was claimed to be a burial ground and had a sacred grove of pine trees planted by their ancestors. They claimed the land since 1717. The claim was turned down by the federal Office of Native Claims in 1986 on technical grounds.

Question 19

What did the Mayor of Oka do on July 11?

Answer 19

They called the police and a SWAT team launched tear gas and concussion grenades to remove the barricade. As a result, Corporal Marcel Lemay of the Surete du Quebec police force was shot and killed.

Question 20

What happened the weeks after Corporal Marcel Lemay was killed.

Answer 20

Aboriginal groups from across the country came to join the Mohawk at the barricade.

Question 21

What did the Mohawk at the Kahnawake reserve do?

Answer 21

They blocked the Mercier Bridge between the iIsland of Montreal and the South Shore suburbs which caused traffic jams. RCMP came in but they couldn’t control things. Other places in the country showed support - Cold Lake Alberta, a bridge was burned any a member of the Cold Lake First Nation.

Question 22

What did the Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa do?

Answer 22

On August 14, 1990 he invoked the National Defence Act and deployed the military to maintain law and order. Troops arrived 9 days later from the Royal 22nd Regiment (the Van Doos)
9 days later the Mohawk blockading the Mercier Bridge negotiated a settlement.

Question 23

What did the Mohawk of Kanestake do after the settlement over Mercier Bridge?

Answer 23

They stayed for a month long but by September 26th they destroyed their weapons, ceremonially burned tobacco and walked out of the pines to the reserve. May warrior were arrested but none were convicted.

Question 24

What happened to the disputed land?

Answer 24

The golf course expansion was cancelled. The land was purchased by the federal government for Mohawk use.

Question 25

The International Federation of Human Rights criticized the methods used by the Quebec policeman nd the Canadian forces. True or false?

Answer 25

True.

Question 26

What did Amnesty International do?

Answer 26

Condemed Canada for is alleged abouse of Mohawk who were arrested. Canada was added to it’s list of human rights violators.

Question 27

What changed after the Oka crisis?

Answer 27

• more people were sympathetic about resolving Aboriginal land claims after seeing images of military exchanging fire with a small group of Aboriginal people and it was a turning point for land claims
  -June 1991, the First Nations Policing Policy was created to improve the relationship between Aboriginal pele and police by promoting safe and secure communities and cultural appropriate police services that were accountable to the community they served.
  -1 year later the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Pleples was formed to look at concerns of the indigenous people of Canada

Question 28

How many people died under the reign of King Leopold II of Beligum when he tok the Congo as his personal possession?

Answer 28

between 3 and 22 million.
He enslaved the people to take rubber and ivory from the region. Causes of death were from disease, starvation/ exhaustion, exposure, murder and plummeting birth rate.

Question 29

When did the Congo gain independence from the Belian government?

Answer 29

1960

Question 30

Who was Lieutenant General Joseph Desire Mobutu?

Answer 30

He was the leader of a military coup that took power from 1965 to 1997.

Question 31

What did Mobutu do?

Answer 31

He renamed the country Zaire and made all citizens take African names.
-he was supported most of the time by the US and other western powers
- while in power he was responsible for the tortue and health of thousand of civilians and opposition groups
-he transferred massive amounts of resources to himself and ruined the countries finances.
-there was an economic crisis in the 1970”s when hundreds or more of citizens were executed by his security forces.

Question 32

What is kleptocracy?

Answer 32

A government so corrupt that no honesty remains. The government spends it’s time collecting taxes for the ruler.

Question 33

The Democratic Republic of Congo was greatly affected by colonialism. What happened after Mobutu was removed from power?

Answer 33

1998-2001 there was a horrible ware in the eastern region of Zaire that divided the country into 3 segments; Rwanda, Burundi and Unganda back different rebel groups and Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe supported the DRC government.
-today DRC president Joseph Kabila negotiated a peace accord with neighbouring countries and has started democratic reforms. In many areas thought, there still are human rights violations, armed conflict and corruption.