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Neurocognition > Literatuur week 2 Genes > Flashcards

Literatuur week 2 Genes Flashcards

1
Q

What does a neuron consists of?

A

Soma, dendrites & axon

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2
Q

What is the soma and what are the structures inside it called?

A

Central part op the neuron. Structures inside are called organelles

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3
Q

What is the fluid inside the cell called?

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

Which organelles is not part of the cytoplasm? (i.e. everything within the cell membrame)

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

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6
Q

What specific parts of DNA assembles the cell?

A

Genes

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7
Q

What does gene expression mean?

A

‘Reading’ a cell

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8
Q

What is the final product of gene expression?

A

The synthesis of molecules (i.e. protein)

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9
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

What carries the genetic message to the sites of the protein synthesis?

A

mRNA

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11
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains the information of the gene

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12
Q

What do we call the region where the RNA synthesizing enzyme, RNA polymerase, binds to?

A

The promoter

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12
Q

What do we call the region where the RNA synthesizing enzyme, RNA polymerase, binds to?

A

The promoter

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13
Q

What do we call the stop sequence that the RNA polymerase recognizes as the end point of the transcription?

A

The terminator

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14
Q

What are the parts of DNA called that can not be used to code a protein?

A

Introns and exons

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15
Q

The process of assembling proteins from amino acids under direction of mRNA is called?

A

Translation

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16
Q

What do we call the entire lenght of DNA that comprises the genetic information in our chromosomes?

A

Genome

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17
Q

What does gene copy number variations mean?

A

Having duplicated genes

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18
Q

Many of our genes have small mutations, how do we call that?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

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19
Q

What process is know by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted in the body?

A

Pharmacokinetics

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20
Q

What kind of injection is an intraperitoneal injection?

A

Drug gets injected into the space around abdominal organs

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21
Q

A drugs margin of safety is determined by the …. effect and the …. effect, and the measure is called …

A

Analgesic, depressant, therapeutic index

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22
Q

The most desirable drugs has (high/ low) affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and will produce effects at a (high/ low) concentration and a (high/ low) affinity for sites that produce toxid side effects

A

High, low, low

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23
Q

What is a drug called when it blocks or inhibits the postsynaptic effects?

A

Antagonist

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24
Q

What is a drug called when it facilitates the postsynaptic effects?

A

Agonists

25
Q

What is a drug called when it prevents the neurotransmitter from opening the ion channel?

A

Receptor blocker or direct antagonists

26
Q

What does a indirect antagonist and indirect agonist do?

A

ANT: attaches to one of the alternative sites and prevents the ion channel from opening

AG: attaches to an alternative site and facilitate the opening of the ion channel

27
Q

By which two neurotransmitters in the brain is the most synaptic communication accomplished?

A

Glutamate & GABA

28
Q

By which neurotransmitter are all muscular movements accomplished?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

29
Q

Which two types of Acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are there?

A

Ionotropic: nicotine receptors
& Metabotropic: muscarinic receptors

30
Q

Which neurotransmitters belong to the subclass catecholamines?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine & epinephrine

31
Q

In what functions is dopamine implicated?

A

Movement, attention and learning

32
Q

How does the synthesis of dopamine go?

A

An enzyme turns the procursor, tyrosine, into LDOPA and another enzyme turns this into dopamine

33
Q

Name the three major dopamine pathways

A

Nigrostriatal system, Mesolimbic system, Mesocortical system

34
Q

What are the behavioural effects of the Nigrostriatal system, Mesolimbic system and Mesocortical system

A

Control of movement, reinforcement effects of drugs and short therm memories/ planning

35
Q

What substance are people with Parkinson given and why not just dopamine?

A

L-dopa, because dopamine can’t cross the blood brain barrier

36
Q

Where are the cell bodies of norepinephrine located?

A

Pons, medulla and one region of the thalamus

37
Q

Where does serotonin play a roll in?

A

Regulation of mood; in control of sleep, eating, arousal and pain

38
Q

What is the precursor of serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

39
Q

Where does histamine play a roll in?

A

Wakefulness, control of the digestive system and immune system

40
Q

Which are the 4 major glutamine receptors?

A

MNDA, AMPA, Kainate & Metabotropic glutamate

41
Q

Is GABA an excitatory or an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Inhibitory

41
Q

Is GABA an excitatory or an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Inhibitory

42
Q

By the removal of which inhibitory neurotransmitter causes the effect of muscles to contract continuously?

A

Glycine

43
Q

There is no mechanism for reuptake and recycling of …., they are destroyed by enzymes

A

Peptides

44
Q

Substance derived from what can serve to transmit messages between cells?

A

Lipids

45
Q

Which theory suggests that variation in a trait is caused by many genes, each of which contribute tot the phenotype

A

Polygenic inheritance

46
Q

What refers to the structure and organization of cognition?

A

Phenotypic architecture

47
Q

Which phenomena is the process by which an individual’s genotype influences the environment that they inhabit

A

Gene-environmnet correlation

48
Q

Which phenomena represents the phenomenon whereby the response to an environmental factor vareis as function of one’s genotype

A

Gene-environment interaction

49
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism’s complete set of genes

50
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Observable characteristics or traits

51
Q

What is an allele?

A

Variety of a gene

52
Q

Is duchenne muscular dystrophy a dominant or recessive X linked disorder?

A

Recessive X linked dissorder (zonen meer kans op de ziekte, want ze worden altijd drager)

53
Q

Wat zijn Knock-out mice en Knock-in mice?

A

Knock-out mice -> gen is verwijderd
Knock-in mice -> oorspronkelijk gen is vervangen

54
Q

What is the candidate gene approach?

A

How a specific gene is linked to behavior

55
Q

What is the genome wide association study?

A

Examines all genes comparing two groups

56
Q

Which gene converts dopamine in to norepinephrine?

A

DBH gene (associated with ADHD)

57
Q

What is the precuror of L-dopa en in what does L-dopa convert?

A

Tyrosine and dopamine

58
Q

To which categorie does dopamine belong?

A

Catecholamines

59
Q

What are the precursors of serotonin? (2) and to which categorie does serotonin belong?

A

Tryptophan and 5HTP
Indolamines

60
Q

What are the precursors of Acetylcholine? (2) and to which categorie does it belong?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A and Choline
Modified amino acid

Neurocognition (8 decks)

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