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Neurocognition > Literatuur week 7 Motor control > Flashcards

Literatuur week 7 Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

The central motor system is arranged as a hierarchy of control levels? Which 3?

A

Highest level, middle level, lowest level

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2
Q

What is the highest level of the central motor system for?

A

Strategy: the goal of movement

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3
Q

Which brain areas are involved in the highest level of the central motor system?

A

Areas of the neocortex (frontal and parietal) and basal ganglia

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4
Q

What is the middle level of the central motor system for?

A

Tactics: the sequence of muscle contractions

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5
Q

Which brain areas are involved in the middle level of the central motor system?

A

Motor cortex and cerebellum

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6
Q

What is the lowest level of the central motor system for?

A

Execution: activation of the motor neuron and interneuron pools that generate the goal-directed movement

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7
Q

Which brain areas are involved in the lowest level of the central motor system?

A

Brain stem and spinal cord

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8
Q

To know the positions of your own body in space and how it relates to the positions of others, the mental body image is generated by?

A

Somatosensory, proprioceptive and visual
inputs to the posterior parietal cortex

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9
Q

The …. and …. make a tactical decision and issue instructions to the brain and spinal cord

A

Motor areas and cerebellum

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10
Q

Which areas activates the neurons to cause the movement to be executed?

A

Brain stem and spinal cord

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11
Q

Which of the control levels has a sensory motor system that makes tactical decisions based on memory of sensory information form past movements?

A

Middle level

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12
Q

Axons from the brain descend through the spinal cord trough which 2 major pathways?

A

Lateral pathways and ventromedial pathways

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13
Q

Which pathway is involved in voluntary movement and under direct cortical control?

A

Lateral pathways

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14
Q

What is the pyramidal decussation?

A

Junction of the medulla and spinal cord

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15
Q

Which tract originates in the neocortex, 2/3 of axons in the tract originates in the motor cortex and remaining axons derive from somatosensory areas?

A

Corticospinal tract

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16
Q

Which pathway is involved in control of posture and locomotion and are under brain stem control?

A

Ventromedial pathways

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17
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway keeps the head balanced on the shoulders as the body moves?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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18
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway directs the head and eyes to move so that the appropriate point of space is imaged on the fovea and helps control muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders?

A

Tectospinal tract

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19
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originates and was does this area?

A

Superior colliculus - constructs a map of the world around us

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20
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway enhances the antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord and helps maintain a standing posture by resisting gravity?

A

The pontine reticulospinal tract

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21
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway liberates the antigravity muscles from reflex control?

A

The medullary reticulospinal tract

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22
Q

Voluntary movements = … pathways
Reflex control = … pathways

A

Lateral, ventromedial

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23
Q

The motor cortex consists of area 4 and 6, where do they refer to?

A

Area 4: primary motor cortex (M1)
Area 6: premotor area (PMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA)

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24
Q

A mental body image seems to be generated by the posterior parietal lobe, it gets input from area 5 and 7, where do they refer to?

A

Area 5: primary somatosensory cortical areas
Area 7: higher order of visual cortical areas

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25
Q

Which lobes are important for abstract thoughts, decision making and anticipating the consquences of action?

A

Anterior frontal lobes

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26
Q

Area 6 converge axons from the PFC and parietal cortex, in what does it play an important rol?

A

In planning of movement, particularly complex movements sequences of far muscles

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27
Q

Which neurons may be part of an extensive brain system for understanding actions and intentions of others?

A

Mirror neurons

28
Q

Which brain part consists of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus (and substantia nigra)

A

The basal ganglia

29
Q

Which structures together are called the striatum?

A

The caudate and putamen

30
Q

Which pathway (direct/ indirect) allows the basal ganglia to enhance the initation of desired movements?

A

Direct

31
Q

Describe the direct pathway

A

Cortical activation (cerebral cortex) –> excites putamen (striatum) –> inhibits GPinternal –> releases the cells in VLo (Thalamus) from inhibition to become active

32
Q

Which pathway of the basal ganglia is involved in the inhibition of movement?

A

Indirect pathway

33
Q

Increased inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia leads to?

A

Hypokinesia (lack of movement)

34
Q

Decreased basal ganglia output leads to?

A

Hyperkinesia (excess of movement)

35
Q

What is bradykinesia and akinesia?

A

Slowness of movement and difficulty in initiating willed movements

36
Q

What happends within the basal ganglia in Parkinsons?

A

Degeneration of the substantia nigra neurons and their inputs to the striatum

37
Q

Which neurotransmitter facilitates the direct motor loop by activating the cells in the putamen?

A

Dopamine

38
Q

Which disorder is characterized by hyperkinesia, dyskinesias (abnormal movements), dementia and disorder of personality?

A

Huntington’s disease

39
Q

What is chorea?

A

Spontaneous, uncontrollable and purposeless movements

40
Q

What happends within the basal ganglia in Huntingtons?

A

Loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

41
Q

What disorder can be caused by damage to the subthalamic nucleus?

A

Ballism - violent flinging movements, or hemiballismus (on one side of the body)

42
Q

The larger the population of neurons presenting a type of movement, the finer the possible control, is called the?

A

Malleable motor map - leads to a prediction

43
Q

Critical motor functions belong to which brain area?

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

Lesions in the cerebellum can lead to which kind of movement disorders?

A

Ataxia or dyssynergia

45
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Movements become more uncoordinated and inaccurate

46
Q

What is Dyssynergia?

A

Disturbance of muscular coordination, resulting in uncoordinated and abrupt movements (literatuur: decomposition of synergistic multijoint)

47
Q

What is the vermis in the cerebellum?

A

The vermis separates the two lateral cerebellar hemispheres and sends output to the brain stem structures

48
Q

How much premotor areas in addition to the primaray motor cortex do we have?

A

6

49
Q

Cortical inputs to the primary motor cortex arise from which areas?

A

Frontal premotor and parietal somatosensory areas

50
Q

Some aspects of higher order processes such as reward value, context and motor goals are presented in which area?

A

A premotor area

51
Q

Which area are involved in the control and initiation/ genesis of movement disorders?

A

The basal ganglia and cerebellum

52
Q

Which basal ganglia structure is important in planning complex sequences?

A

Striatum

53
Q

Sequences with greater planning requirements appear to be associated with greater activation only in which side/ areas?

A

Left parietal and premotor areas

54
Q

Damage in the … lobe disrupts the ability to maintain internal representations and produces deficitis in motor imagery

A

Parietal

55
Q

Left/ right hemisphere damage produces deficits in planning, refelected as impaired control of movements direction

A

Left

56
Q

Left/ right hemisphere damage causes problems achieving and stabalizing the arm at a desired goal location

A

Right

57
Q

The explicit learning system relies on … memory and …. control, whereas the implicit system relies more on the …

A

Working memory, executive attentional control, basal ganglia

58
Q

Damage of the (left/right) …. cortex disrupts motor adaption, what suggests that it is critical for motor planning and updating new internal representations

A

Left parietal

59
Q

What is apraxia

A

Difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements

60
Q

Limb praxis is most commonly associated with …. regions on the (left/ right) hemisphere

A

Fronto- parietal regions, left

61
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

It demonstrates planning deficits and impaired ability to update motor plans trough learning - Intact understanding of what task requires but loss of access to kinetic memory

62
Q

What does the vestibular system do?

A

Gives us information of motion, head/ body position and orientation

63
Q

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

A
  1. Early/cognitive – declarative, verbal selftalk
  2. Associative – detect and eliminate errors, link components
  3. Autonomous – automatic, frees up conscious working memory
64
Q

In Huntingtons, the indirect pathway becomes more/ less active leading to over-/ understimulation of the thalamus
In Parkinson’s, the indirect pathway becomes more/ less active leading to over-/ understimulation of the thalamus

A

H: less, overstimulation (te weinig inhibity)
PD: more, understimulation (te veel inhibity)

65
Q

What is Ideation Apraxia?

A

Wrong execution of an action because they don’t know what to do. They have lost the perception of the object’s purpose

66
Q

Which apraxia is associated with left frontoparietal damage?

A

Ideomotor apraxia

67
Q

Basal ganglia dysfunction is associated with motor learning deficits in implicit/ explicit learning

A

Implicit

Neurocognition (8 decks)

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