Non communicable diseases Flashcards
Non communicable diseases
A disease that cannot be transferred to other people
Not contagious
What happens when someone gets cancer?
A cell becomes cancerous
It has a mutation in its DNA
It divides and makes copies with the wrong DNA rapidly
Creates a tumour
What is a benign tumour and its characteristics?
A group of cancer cells that does not invade other parts of the body Grows slowly within a membrane
Easily removed
What is a malignant cell and its characteristics?
A group of cancer cells that invades and spreads to other parts via bloodstream
Forms more tumours in other parts of the body
Divides quickly
Metastasis
When a cancer cell invades the blood stream and makes more tumours at other parts of the body
Stages of metastasis
Tumour secrete chemicals
Chemicals cause blood vessels to grow around it
Cancer cells detach from the tumour into the bloodstream
Cancer cell squeezes through capillary wall into the tissue
Secondary tumour formed
Carcinogens
Chemical/ agent that causes cancer cells
Risk factors of developing cancer
Viruses are linked with cancer eg HPV
Chemical carcinogens in smoking
Alcohol intake
Ultraviolet radiation when in the sun for too long (ionising radiation)
Diet/ fat/salt intake
How does smoking increase risk of a heart attack or stroke?
Damages lining of arteries, including coronary arteries
Encourages build up of fat = stroke or heart attack
Chemicals increase risk of blood clotting = heart attack or stroke
COPD
Disease in lungs that includes:
Chronic bronchitis = inflammation of bronchioles
Emphysema = walls of alveoli break down, reducing the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs
How does smoking increase risk of COPD?
Smoking damages bronchiole and can destroy alveoli
Airway is inflamed and mucus builds up there
Patient is breathless and has difficulty getting enough oxygen for respiration
How does smoking strain the heart?
Nicotine increases heart rate, straining it
How does smoking oxygen in us?
Inhalation of carbon monoxide reduces amount of oxygen that can be carried by blood
Effects of pregnant women smoking
Increases the risk of miscarriage
Babies increased risk of asthma/ other respiratory problems
Long-term physical and intellectual development of the baby/child is affected
Increased risk of birth defects
Birthweight is reduced
Coronary heart disease
When fat builds up around the coronary heart disease
Less oxygenated blood is taken to the heart
Heart cells can’t respire
