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Biology > Infection and response > Flashcards

Infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

Communicable disease

A

Can be spread from person to person by pathogens

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2
Q

Non communicable disease

A

Can’t spread from person to person

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3
Q

Health

A

The state of physical and mental well being

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4
Q

What can cause illhealth?

A

Communicable/ noncommunicable disease
Poor diet
High stress levels
Life situations eg working with dangerous chemicals (eg radiation)

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5
Q

What can diseases cause in terms of other disease?

A

Getting one can increase chance of being infected by another, eg HIV increases risk of TB
One can actually cause another disease eg HPV can cause cervical cancer
A mental illness
An allergy

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6
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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7
Q

Pathogens list

A

Bacteria
Virus
Protists
Fungi

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8
Q

How bacteria makes us ill

A

Once inside, they reproduce quickly
They release toxins that damage tissue and makes us ill

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9
Q

How virus makes us ill

A

Can’t reproduce by themselves so they require entering inside a host cell
Reproduces inside the cell which bursts
Allowing them to spread across the body

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10
Q

How do pathogens spread

A

In the air inside water droplets
Directly in water (drinking it)
Spread by direct contact with infected people:
Sexually transmitted
Sharing needles

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11
Q

How to reduce spread of pathogens

A

Basic hygiene ie washing hands
Clean drinking water
Using condoms during sex
Isolating patients
Vaccination

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12
Q

What can viruses not be affected by?

A

Antibiotics

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13
Q

Examples of virus

A

Measles
HIV

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14
Q

Measles symptoms

A

At first = fever
3 days = red skin rash

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15
Q

What spreads measles?

A

Droplets when infected person coughs/sneezes
When a person inhales it = infected

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16
Q

Effects of measles

A

Damage to breathing system and brain
Death

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17
Q

How to stop spread of measles

A

Vaccination of children when young

18
Q

HIV symptoms

A

Flu like illness at first
Deteriorating the immune system

19
Q

What spreads HIV

A

Exchanging bodily fluids between people:
Unprotected sex
Sharing needles

20
Q

Effects of HIV

A

Virus begins attacking cells of immune system
Immune system so badly damaged it can’t fight off less severe infections
Unable to fight off cancer

21
Q

How to treat HIV

A

Antiretroviral drugs taken for rest of life
Stop virus from multiplying inside the patient so doesn’t damage the immune system
Doesn’t develop AIDS

22
Q

examples of bacteria

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

23
Q

What can kill bacteria?

A

Antibiotics

24
Q

What causes salmonella?

A

Ingesting infected food
Eg in unprepared conditions

25
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever
Abdominal cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

26
Q

How to prevent spread of salmonella

A

Use hygienic food preparation conditions such as washing knife after using it on chicken
Vaccinating poultry against it

27
Q

What spreads gonorrhoea?

A

Sexually transmitted

28
Q

How to treat gonorrhoea

A

Use antibiotics to treat it at first

29
Q

How to prevent spread of gonorrhoea

A

Condom during sex stop bacteria passing through
Treat with antibiotics before they spread it again

30
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist

31
Q

How is malaria (protist) spread?

A

Infected person is bitten by a mosquito (vector)
Malaria pathogen spreads to mosquito
Mosquito bites someone else = they get infected

32
Q

Vector

A

The thing that carries the protist pathogen from one person to another

33
Q

How to prevent spread of malaria

A

Prevent breeding of mosquitoes
By draining areas of still water where they breed
Spray those areas with insecticides
Prevent them biting humans eg mosquito nets

34
Q

Types of defence systems the body has against pathogens

A

Non specific defence systems
Immune system

35
Q

Non specific defence system job

A

Prevent pathogens actually entering the body

36
Q

Main parts of non specific defence system

A

Skin
Nose
Cilia
Stomach

37
Q

Skin as a defence system

A

Forms protective layer covering the body
Consists of dead cells pathogens can’t penetrate
Produces oily substance sebum that kills bacteria

38
Q

What happens if skin is cut?

A

Pathogens could enter the body
Platelets form scab so they can’t enter

39
Q

Nose as a defence system

A

Contain hair and mucus that trap them before entering our breathing system

40
Q

Cilia as a defence system

A

If the pathogen enters the nose/breathing system
The trachea and bronchi lined with hairs called cilia
Covered in mucus to trap pathogen then waft it to throat
Which swallows it to stomach

41
Q

Stomach as a defence system

A

Contains HCl
To kill pathogens before they get further into digestive system

42
Q

Why do we have an immune system AND a non specific defence system

A

Because sometimes the non specific defence system doesn’t stop the pathogen entering our systems
So we need a system to fight them once we are infected

Biology (55 decks)

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