Unit 1 test Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific revolution

A

New directions in thought and culture as natural philosophy embraced new ideas. The Scientific Revolution was not a rapid change but rather a gradual shift in thinking

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2
Q

Geocentric Theory

A

The belief that the earth is the center of the solar system and all planets revolve around it

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3
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

The belief that the Sun is the center of the solar system and all planets revolve around it

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4
Q

How did people in Europe understand the world before the Scientific Revolution

A

Through religion, superstition, or outdated ideas from Greeks

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5
Q

Copernicus

A

A key early scientist to contribute to the Scientific Revolution as he theorized heliocentrism

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6
Q

Galileo

A

A scientist that proved Copernicus’ heliocentric theory with his creation of the telescope. He was persecuted for his works and was put on trial by the Catholic Church for going against the faith

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7
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Formulated his theory of universal gravitation (law of gravity) at 24 but didn’t

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8
Q

Causes of the English Civil War

A

Absolute monarchy vs. Limited monarchy

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9
Q

Impact of the English Civil War

A

King James II was overthrown and replaced by William and Mary in a bloodless coup. Upon taking the throne William and Mary agreed to terms of governing under a constitutional monarchy in which the cornerstone was a document known as the English Bill of Rights. Influenced revolutions and the concepts of rights in France and the Americas

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10
Q

Magna Carta

A

A charter that restricted the kings rule to a limited amount of power with the Parliament.

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11
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War/Puritan Revolution

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12
Q

Influence of Scientific Revolution on the Enlightenment

A

influenced the development of the Enlightenment values of individualism because it demonstrated the power of the human mind

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13
Q

John Locke

A

English philosopher-He believed in the social contract that government should be limited, and its main purpose is to protect citizens’ freedoms and property in what he called their “Natural Rights”

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14
Q

Natural Rights of Man

A

Life, Liberty and Property

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15
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

He believed man was naturally greedy and selfish, and decided the only way to control man’s need for constant war was an absolute ruler

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16
Q

Voltaire

A

French philosopher, major supporter of free speech and tolerance

17
Q

Beccaria

A

He spoke out against torture and fought for speedy trials. He also reformed criminal law, and believed laws existed to ensure happiness in the people

18
Q

Rousseau

A

He believed in democracy and general will, rather than individualism. Proposed social contract between ruler and members of society lived during the Age of Absolutism,

19
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

She was an early feminist and believed that women broke the gender roles of society by pursuing education. She also believed women should have political rights: voting and holding office.

20
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

He believes that the government should be divided into three different branches so that therefore there was no branch too powerful than the other

21
Q

Denis Diderot

A

He edited the Encyclopedia (with other authors) and aimed to secularize learning.

22
Q

Deism

A

The life of religion and reason could be combined, popular belief during Enlightenment by some of the big thinkers like Voltaire

23
Q

Enlightened Despotism

A

Absolute monarchs try to use the ideas established during the Enlightenment to make reform in their rule.

24
Q

Divine Right

A

Absolute monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects

25
Q

Social contract

A

Governments existed to benefit and protect the people as much as possible