Unit 1 test

Question 1

Scientific revolution

Answer 1

New directions in thought and culture as natural philosophy embraced new ideas. The Scientific Revolution was not a rapid change but rather a gradual shift in thinking

Question 2

Geocentric Theory

Answer 2

The belief that the earth is the center of the solar system and all planets revolve around it

Question 3

Heliocentric Theory

Answer 3

The belief that the Sun is the center of the solar system and all planets revolve around it

Question 4

How did people in Europe understand the world before the Scientific Revolution

Answer 4

Through religion, superstition, or outdated ideas from Greeks

Question 5

Copernicus

Answer 5

A key early scientist to contribute to the Scientific Revolution as he theorized heliocentrism

Question 6

Galileo

Answer 6

A scientist that proved Copernicus’ heliocentric theory with his creation of the telescope. He was persecuted for his works and was put on trial by the Catholic Church for going against the faith

Question 7

Isaac Newton

Answer 7

Formulated his theory of universal gravitation (law of gravity) at 24 but didn’t

Question 8

Causes of the English Civil War

Answer 8

Absolute monarchy vs. Limited monarchy

Question 9

Impact of the English Civil War

Answer 9

King James II was overthrown and replaced by William and Mary in a bloodless coup. Upon taking the throne William and Mary agreed to terms of governing under a constitutional monarchy in which the cornerstone was a document known as the English Bill of Rights. Influenced revolutions and the concepts of rights in France and the Americas

Question 10

Magna Carta

Answer 10

A charter that restricted the kings rule to a limited amount of power with the Parliament.

Question 11

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 11

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War/Puritan Revolution

Question 12

Influence of Scientific Revolution on the Enlightenment

Answer 12

influenced the development of the Enlightenment values of individualism because it demonstrated the power of the human mind

Question 13

John Locke

Answer 13

English philosopher-He believed in the social contract that government should be limited, and its main purpose is to protect citizens’ freedoms and property in what he called their “Natural Rights”

Question 14

Natural Rights of Man

Answer 14

Life, Liberty and Property

Question 15

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 15

He believed man was naturally greedy and selfish, and decided the only way to control man’s need for constant war was an absolute ruler

Question 16

Voltaire

Answer 16

French philosopher, major supporter of free speech and tolerance

Question 17

Beccaria

Answer 17

He spoke out against torture and fought for speedy trials. He also reformed criminal law, and believed laws existed to ensure happiness in the people

Question 18

Rousseau

Answer 18

He believed in democracy and general will, rather than individualism. Proposed social contract between ruler and members of society lived during the Age of Absolutism,

Question 19

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 19

She was an early feminist and believed that women broke the gender roles of society by pursuing education. She also believed women should have political rights: voting and holding office.

Question 20

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 20

He believes that the government should be divided into three different branches so that therefore there was no branch too powerful than the other

Question 21

Denis Diderot

Answer 21

He edited the Encyclopedia (with other authors) and aimed to secularize learning.

Question 22

Deism

Answer 22

The life of religion and reason could be combined, popular belief during Enlightenment by some of the big thinkers like Voltaire

Question 23

Enlightened Despotism

Answer 23

Absolute monarchs try to use the ideas established during the Enlightenment to make reform in their rule.

Question 24

Divine Right

Answer 24

Absolute monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects

Question 25

Social contract

Answer 25

Governments existed to benefit and protect the people as much as possible