Unit 3 test Flashcards
What caused the population growth in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries
more reliable food supplies, earlier marriage, high birth rates, and more widespread resistance to disease
What was the agricultural revolution
Introduction of new crops from the new world led to the mass production of food
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain rather than in continental Europe, China or the United States?
The shallow coal reserves and abolishment of the feudal system. Easy to access coal reserves provided an energy source which also motivated the invention of the steam engine, an invention which led to many others that would impact industrialization
How did the Industrial Revolution negatively impact the environment
Sudden population growth, crowding, and lack of municipal services made conditions terrible in cities. Poor sewage disposal, air and water pollution, and diseases like cholera made urban life unhealthy and led to an increase in deaths
What social class was most negatively affected by the IR
Overall, the working class lived in by far the worst conditions as standards of living did not improve until the 1850s.
Who benefited most from the IR?
Rising incomes allowed the middle class to build their own businesses, to keep women at home, and to develop a moral code that stood in contrast to the squalor and drunkenness of the working class.
What was the central premise of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations?
Smith was the most famous proponent of laissez-faire doctrine that states that the government should refrain from interfering in business.
What were the main themes found within The Communist Manifesto
Advocated for government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. Led to the founding of socialist and labor political parties throughout Europe
Why did the British fail to take decisive action during the Irish Potato Famine
Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo believed that the famine was the result of overpopulation and could only be solved, not by government action, but by delayed marriage and sexual restraint.
What were some of the movements that the working class participated in to address the social, economic, and political issues that industrialization brought to Europe?
Workers formed labor unions to fight for and protect rights. Unions sought better wages, improved working conditions, and insurance for workers
What was the effect of British industrialization on countries such as China, India, and Egypt
- Cheap machine-made British textiles forced Indian spinners and hand-weavers out of work.
- India became an exporter of raw materials and an importer of British industrial goods.
- Railroads, coal mining, and telegraph lines were introduced to India
What were the characteristics of the “separate sphere” that middle class women occupied during the 19th century?
- Working-class women had little time for politics and were not welcome in the male-dominated trade unions or in the radical political parties.
- Governments enforced legal discrimination against women throughout the nineteenth century, and society frowned on careers for middle-class women.
- Women were excluded from jobs that required higher education
What were the characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution”?
- A period when advances in steel production, electricity and petroleum caused a series of innovations that changed society.
- More industrial machines were built
What are some enduring issues of the Industrial revolution?
- Child labor
- Poor working conditions in factories
- Climate change
- Creative destruction (Technology replacing humans)
