quiz #2 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
the conscious OR subconscious awareness of changes in external or internal environment
A
sensation
2
Q
list 2 classes of sensory modalities (know what’s in each)
A
- general senses (somatic and visceral senses)
- special senses (sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing & equilibrium)
3
Q
what are 2 types of general senses (know what are in each)
A
- somatic (of the body)
- tactile sensations, touch, pressure, vibrations, itch, tickle, thermal, px and proprioception sensations - visceral
- sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing & equilibrium
4
Q
list 4 events that must occur for a sensation to arise
A
- stimulation of the sensory receptor
- transduction of the stimulus
- generation of nn impulses
- integration of sensory input
5
Q
do posterior rami merge to form a plexus?
A
no - they remain separated
6
Q
what is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
A
conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations perception
7
Q
what do the posterior rami innervate?
A
facet joints
skin (dermatome T2-T12, skin over neck)
mm of the back
8
Q
what so posterior rami supply?
A
- nn fibers to the synovial joints of cerebral column
- deep mm’s if the back
- overlying skin
9
Q
__________ the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations
A
perception
10
Q
sensory neutrons that conduct impulses from the PNS to CNS are called?
A
first order neurons
11
Q
sensory receptors can be grouped into different classes for structure and function. what are they?
A
- microscopic structures
- location of receptors
- origin of stimuli
- type of stimulus
12
Q
sensory receptors with free nn endings are receptors for what?
A
px
temp
tickle
itch
touch
13
Q
list the 5 tactile sensations
A
touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle
14
Q
this type of sensory receptor is located outside the body; at or near the external surface of the body
A
exteroceptors
15
Q
this type of sensory receptors is located inside the body (aka visceroceptors)
A
interoceptors
16
Q
this type of sensory receptor is located in mm, tendons, joints and inner ear
A
proprioceptors
17
Q
list 5 tactile sensations
A
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
18
Q
list 6 types of stimulus detected that activate sensory receptors that are free nn endings
A
- mechanoreceptors - mechanical stimuli
2 thermoreceptoes - temp change
3 nociceptors - pain - photoceptors - light
- chemoreceptors - chemicals
- osmoreceptors - osmotic pressure
19
Q
list 2 types of rapidly adapting touch receptors and where they are located
A
- corpuscles of touch (meissner)- hairless skin
- hair root plexus - hairy skin
20
Q
list 2 types of slowly adapting touch receptors and where they are located
A
- type 1- cutaneous mechanoreceptors (tactile/merkle) finger tips, hands, lips, external genitalia
- type 2- cutaneous mechanoreceptors (ruffini) deep in dermis, ligaments and tendons
21
Q
Sensory receptors for Somespecial senses are
specialized that synapse with Sensory Neurons that include hair cells for hearing and equilibrium in inner ear, gustatory in taste buds & photoreceptors in retina of eye for vision- what are they called
A
separate cells
22
Q
what are 2 distinct thermal sensations
A
warm
cold
23
Q
are cold and warm thermoreceptos detected by same or different receptors
A
different
24
Q
most cold receptors are myelinated ___ fibers
most warm receptors are unmylimated ___ fibers
A
cold: A
warm: C
25
what temps activate cold receptors
10-40 degrees celsius
26
what temps activate warm receptors
32-48 degrees celsius
27
what temp activates pain receptors
below 10 degrees celcius and above 48 degrees celcius
28
what is the perception of body movement
kinesthesia
29
encapsulated nn endings for other somatic and visceral sensations are receptors that detect:
1. pressure
2. vibrations
3. some touch
30
___________ allows us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving without looking at them
proprioceptive sensations
31
list 3 types of proprioceptors, where they are found and what they do
1) muscle spindles - skeletal mm
- monitor mm length and involved in stretch reflex
2) tendon organs - junction of a tendon & mm
- protects mm & tendons from damage due to overstretching
3) joint kinesthetic receptors - in and around joint capsule of synovial joints
- respond to pressure, aceleration, deceleration during movement and excessive strain
32
key difference between mm spindle and golgi tendon organ
mm spindle is a sensory organ that sense the change in mm length (responsible for stretch in mm) and the rate of lengthening.
which GTO is a sensory organ that senses the change in mm tension, responds to a tendon stretch
33
(A) from thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex
(B) from brainstem and spinal cord to thalamus
(C) from somatic receptor to brainstem or spinal cord
choose from: first order neuron, second order neuron and third order neuron
A= third order neuron
B= second order neuron
C= first order neuron
34
_______ order neurons decussate in the brainstem or spinal cord before ascending to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
second
35
list 3 somatic sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex
1) posterior column-medial leminiscus pathway
2) anterolateral pathway
3) trigeminothalamic pathway
36
the posterio column-medial leminicus pathway gets its name from 2 white mater tracts that convey the impulses from
1) posterior column of spinal cord
2) medial lemniscus of brain stem
37
the PC-ML conducts nn impulses fort
touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception from upper limbs, upper trunk, neck & post head -> curate fasciculus & arrive at cunate nucleus
touch, pressure, vibration from lower limbs & lower trunk -> gracile fasciculus & arrive at the gracile nucleus
38
in the SC their axons (PC-ML) from form the posterior columns which consist of 2 tracts
1) gracile fasciculus -> lower limbs
2) cuneate fasciculus-> upper limb
39
what pathway is for pain, temp, itch, and tickle (somato sensory)
anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway to cerebral cortex
40
in the primary somatosensory area, do somatic sensory signals from diferent parts of the left side of the body are mapped in the somatosensory area of the right cerebral hemisphere
yes
41
what parts of the body take up most of the somatosensory area
a) what is this distorted somatic sensory map of the body called
lips, face, tongue, hand
sensory homunculus
42
the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar conveys nn impulses from proprioceptors in the trunk and lower limbs of one side of the body to the ______ side of the cerebellum
same
43
lower motor neurons provide output from the _____ to _________
CNS (brain stem & spinal cord) to skeletal mm fibers
44
list 4 neural circuits called somatic motor pathways. they participate in control of movement by providing input to LMN. these circuits are: (know what they do)
1) local circuit neuron: coordinate rhythmic exercises in specific mm groups (flex & ext when walking)
2) upper motor neuron: planning and execution of voluntary movements of the body (cerebral cortex) regulate posture, balance, mm tone & reflective movement of head & trunk (brain stem)
3) basal nuclei neutrons: assist movement by providing output. initiate movement and terminate movement, suppress unwanted movement and normal level of mm tone
4) cerebella neuron: monitor differences between intended movement and movements actually performed. issues commands to reduce rotors in movement. cerebellum coordinates body movement and helps maintain normal posture and balance
45
which neuron monitor differences between intended moments and movements actually performed
cerebella neurons
46
which neuron helps coordinate rhythmic activities in specific mm groups. for ex: alternating flexion and extension in lower limbs while walking
local circuit neurons
47
in the upper motor neuronns - the axons extend from the brain to lower motor neurons vis 2 types of somatic motor pathways (know what they involve)
1) direct motor pathways: provide input to LMN via axons that originate cerebral cortex
2) indirect to LMN from motor centres in basal nuclei, cerebellum and cerebral cortex
48
the anterolateral tract is also called the _______ after they cross over in the spinal cord to the brain
spinothalamic tract
49
can crude touch (light touch) discriminate?
no
50
where do crossing over take place in the anterolateral spinothalamic tract?
in the spinal cord
51
in the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tract conveys nn impulses from proprioception in the trunk and lower limbs of one side of the body to _____ of the cerebellum
the same side
52
know diff between direct and indirect motor pathway and whats included in each
53
direct motor pathways are --->
indirect pathways are ---->
direct: pyramidal
indirect: extrapyramidal
54
these 3 types of neurons are part of the direct somatic motor pathway
1) lower motor neurons
2) upper motor neurons
3) local circuit
55
whats another name for zygapophyseal joints?
facet joints
56
sensory homunculus includes:
lips, face, tongue and hand
57
motor homunculus includes:
thumb, fingers, lips, tongue, vocal cords
58
somatic sensory impulses _____ to the cerebral cortex
ascend
59
know diff between the post. column medial lemincus and the anterolateral pathway
60
list the 4 functions of the basal nuclei
1) initiation of movements
2) suppression of unwanted movements
3) regulation of muscle tone
4) regulation of nonmotor processes
61
a ________ is a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus
reflex
62
list 4 types of relfexes and know the difference between each
1) spinal reflex: grey matter of SC (knee jerk)
2) cranial reflex: brain stem (eye tracking when reading)
3) somatic reflex: contraction of skeletal mm
4) autonomic (visceral) reflex: not conscious of this one. (HR, digestion, urination, defecation) autonomic reflexes
63
what area of the SC is the integration center of the reflex arc
grey matter
64
list and know the 5 steps in a reflex arc (also know whats involved in each step)
1) sensory receptor- change in internal or external environments
2) sensory neuron
3) integration centre- 1 or more regions of grey matter acts as integration
4) motor neuron- impulses triggered
5) effector: part of the body responding
65
what type of reflex would the patellar reflex be
spinal reflex - stretch reflex
66
what type of reflex involves contraction of skeletal mms
somatic
67
are reflexes voluntary or involuntary? why?
involuntary
68
what type of reflex integrates in brain stem and involves eye tracking while reading?
cranial reflex
69
with the autonomic (visceral) reflex it involves response of smooth mm, cardiac mm and glands -> list some functions
HR
digestion
urination
defecation
70
the corticobulbar pathway is a direct pathway aka pyramidal pathway, what 9 pairs of cranial nns have axons that terminate in the brainstem
I. olfactory
II. optic
III. oculomotor *
IV. trochlear *
V. trigeminal *
VI. abducens *
VII. facial *
VIII. vestibulocochlear
IX. glossopharyngeal *
X. vagus *
XI. accessory *
XII. hypoglossal *
71
why do you think the reflex for cranial reflex integration takes place in the brainstem and not the SC
adjust rapidly to sudden changes in the environment. the brain stem has more nuclei for cranial nerves
72
list 4 types of reflexes and know what each are
1) stretch reflex - tapping tendon
2) tendon reflex - drop a heavy object
3) flexor withdrawal reflex - stepping on a tack ( withdrawal leg)
4) crossed extensor reflex - maintain balance
73
in a stretch reflex do the mm contract or relax?
contract
74
in a stretch reflex the effector mm is contracted (EX: quad knee jerk) this is because ___________ is released by the nn impulse of the NMJ triggering one or more mm action potentials
acetylcholine
75
is reciprocal innervation vital to coordinating body movmenet?
yes
76
would a tendon relfex help you drop a heavy object to prevent injury?
yes
77
would the outcome of a tendon reflex cause relaxation or contraction ________ would this cause neurotransmitters to be released or inhibited ________?
relaxation
inhibited
78
are tendon reflexes contralateral or ipsilateral?
ipsilateral
79
do tendon reflexes cause agonist or antagonist mm to contract?
antagonist
80
what kind of system do tendon reflex operate as?
feedback mechanism
81
is flexor (withdrawl) reflex monosynaptic or polysynaptic?
polysynaptic
82
what type of reflex would be an example of stepping on a tack innitiating the flexor reflex but the pain impulses that occur also initiate a _________ that helps maintain balance
crossed extensor reflex
83
spinal relfex that rapidly coordinates contractions of all the flexor mms and the relaxations of all the extensors
withdrawl reflex
84
in flexor (withdrawal) reflex where do. internrurons activate motor neurons? is it monosynaptic or polysynaptic?
in several spinal cord segments. it is polysynaptic
85
spinal reflex that rapidly coordinates contractions of all the flexor mms and the relaxations of all the extensors
withdrawl reflex
86
what is an extra step that happens in crossed extenson reflex as opposed to flexor (withdrawal) reflex?
achetylcholine released by the motor neurons causes extensor muscles in the thighs (effectors) of the y stimulated left limb to contract, product of extension of the left leg. in this way, weight can be placed on the foot that must now support the entire body
