1.2.1 the structure and function of the cardiovascular system

Question 1

three components of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

the heart
blood vessels
blood

Question 2

main functions

Answer 2

circulation
transportation
removal of waste
immunity
thermoregulation

Question 3

four chambers

Answer 3

left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle

Question 4

atrium vs ventricle

Answer 4

The atria are the UPPER chambers that RECIEVE blood

The ventricles are the LOWER chambers that PUMP blood

Question 5

left side vs right side

Answer 5

left side has only oxygenated blood

right side has only deoxygenated

Question 6

purpose of valves

Answer 6

to ensure the blood flows in the right (single) direction

imagine the air blocker on a blow-up mattress that ensures air doesn’t flow out.

Question 7

tricuspid valve

Answer 7

on the right, is made up of three flaps

Question 8

bicuspid valve

Answer 8

on the left side between the atrium and ventricle, is made up of two flaps

Question 9

the flow of blood through the heart

Answer 9

1. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the Vena Cava
2. The right ventricle receives the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve and pumped this blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
3. Blood gives CO2 and takes up O2 while in the lungs.
4. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.
5. Blood enters the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve and is pumped through the aorta to the body’s cells.

Question 10

heartbeat

Answer 10

one contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle

Question 11

heart rate

Answer 11

beats per minute (BPM)

Question 12

stroke volume

Answer 12

the measure of how much blood is ejected by the left ventricle per beat. measured in mL

Question 13

cardiac output

Answer 13

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output
measured in L/min
a measure of the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Question 14

factors that affect resting heart rate

Answer 14

• sex
• age and size of body
• fitness
• emotions and stress
• food digestion
• body composition
  etc

Question 15

systole vs diastole

Answer 15

systole is the contraction of the heart (pumping)

diastole is the relaxation phase of the heartbeat (filling)

Question 16

changes during exercise

Answer 16

as intensity increases,

• heart rate increases
• stroke volume initially increases until it reaches max
• overall cardiac output increases

Question 17

types of blood vessels

Answer 17

• arteries
• veins
• capillaries

Question 18

arteries

Answer 18

are large blood vessels with thick walls that carry large volumes of blood AWAY from the heart

Question 19

capillaries

Answer 19

are tiny blood vessels that create a network between the arterioles and venules.
they are sites for gas exchange between the bloodstream and the muscles

Question 20

veins

Answer 20

are much less elastic, and contain pocket valves that prevent backflow of venous return
carry deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart

Question 21

precapillary sphincters

Answer 21

• bands of smooth muscle that surround each branch of the capillary at its exit from the arteriole
• control the blood flow through capillaries by opening and closing branches,
• play a major role in blood distribution

Question 22

blood pressure

Answer 22

is the pressure exerted by the arterial blood against vessel walls as it is forced through the cardiovascular system

Question 23

systemic blood flow

Answer 23

oxygenated rich blood is transported from the heart and into the arteries around the body, and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

Question 24

myoglobin

Answer 24

(carries oxygen molecules to muscle tissue.)

Myoglobin is a molecule within the muscle that is responsible for initially attracting the oxygen into the muscle cell (from the capillary), before allowing the oxygen to bind to it for transport within the muscle to the mitochondria.

Question 25

a-VO2 difference

Answer 25

is a comparison of the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood when compared to the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood

Question 26

coronary arteries

Answer 26

supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle (Heart).