unit 1 aos 1

Question 1

5 functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

1. body movement
2. framework
3. protection
4. mineral storage
5. production of red blood cells

Question 2

how many bones are there?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

what does the vertebral column consist of?

Answer 3

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacrum (fused)
4 coccyx (fused)

Question 4

axial vs appendicular

Answer 4

axial provides the main support (cranium, ribcage, vertebrae, and pelvis) appendicular is the limbs and their girdles (femur, humerus, carpals etc)

Question 5

types of joints (x3)

Answer 5

fibrous - immovable, offer no movement (cranium, coccyx, sacrum)
cartilaginous - slightly moveable and joined by cartilage (ribs attaching to sternum, lumbar vertebrae)
synovial - freely moveable, full ROM (hip, knee, elbow)

Question 6

types of connective tissue (x3)

Answer 6

CARTILAGE - protection and cushioning at the end of the bones. reduce friction and absorb shock
LIGAMENT - cross over joints, connecting bone to bone. supply joint stability and prevent dislocation
TENDONS - connect muscle to bone. help muscle pull through the joint and on the bone. very strong

Question 7

characteristic of a synovial joint (x5)

Answer 7

• directly involved with producing skilled movement
• free movement in at least one direction
• cartilage offers protection and cushioning
• synovial membrane acts as a lubricant
• ligaments secure bones in place and allow controlled movement

Question 8

ball and socket joint

Answer 8

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation

shoulder, hip

Question 9

hinge joint

Answer 9

flexion, extension

knee, elbow

Question 10

pivot joint

Answer 10

rotation

neck, wrist

Question 11

saddle joint

Answer 11

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Question 12

gliding joint

Answer 12

gliding movements

carpals, tarsals

Question 13

condyloid joint

Answer 13

all movement except for rotation

wrist

Question 14

functions of the muscular system

Answer 14

1. body movement
2. adequate posture
3. essential bodily functions

Question 15

types of muscles

Answer 15

SKELETAL - attached to bones of the skeleton
SMOOTH - found in blood vessels + walls of intestines
CARDIAC - make up the walls of the heart

Question 16

origin vs insertion

Answer 16

The origin is the site where the muscle attaches to the stable bone.
The insertion is the site where the muscle attaches to the bone that is being pulled by muscle action.

Question 17

sprain vs strain

Answer 17

sPrain is damage to a ligament

sTrain is damage to muscle

Question 18

fast-twitch 2A oxidative

Answer 18

partially aerobic

intermediate between slow and fast

Question 19

fast-twitch 2B glycotic

Answer 19

anaerobic
white
(javelin, sprinting, weightlifters)

Question 20

slow-twitch type 1

Answer 20

aerobic and endurance
red
(triathlons, rowers, marathons)

Question 21

concentric

Answer 21

occur when the muscle length shortens while tension is developed (flexion phase of bicep curl)

Question 22

eccentric

Answer 22

muscle lengthens while tension is developed (extension phase of bicep curl)

Question 23

isoinertial

Answer 23

when the resistance against a muscle remains constant. the direction may change but the force does not (free weights)

Question 24

isokinetic

Answer 24

when the speed or velocity of the movement is held at a constant and so is the resistance provided (swimming, cybex machines)

Question 25

isometric

Answer 25

when muscle works against a force with no joint movement (plank, squat hold)

Question 26

agonist vs antagonist

Answer 26

agonist contracts to create joint movement | antagonist relaxes

Question 27

sarcomeres contain two protein filaments

Answer 27

``` thin = actin thick = myosin ```

Question 28

parts of the sarcomere

Answer 28

z line - used to indicate start and end of sarcomere I band - only actin is found a band - actin and myosin h zone - only myosin, gap between ends of actin

Question 29

what happens to the sarcomere during contraction

Answer 29

z line - move closer together i band - shortens a band - does not change h zone - disappears

Question 30

sliding filament theory summary

Answer 30

myosin binds to actin via cross bridges and the power stroke of the myosin head brings the z lines together shortening the sarcomere. every sarcomere along the muscle fibre shortens, leading the whole muscle to contract

Question 31

in-depth sliding filament

Answer 31

1. Brain sends an action potential 2. Nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, calcium is released 3. The calcium moves the tropomyosin and exposes binding sites, allows myosin access to the actin. 4. Myosin head binds to actin 5. Breakdown of ATP (hydrolysis) enables cross bridges to attach to the actin filaments 6. Cross bridges pull actin filaments to the centre of the sarcomere in a rowing action (the power stroke) and the sarcomere contracts 7. Cross bridges continue to attach and detach, shortening the sarcomere 8. Every sarcomere along the muscle fibre shortens, leading the whole muscle to contract.

Question 32

nervous control of muscular contraction

Answer 32

1. sensory neurons help us detect our environment | 2. motor neurons carry impulse to brain in response to environment

Question 33

motor unit

Answer 33

motor neuron + the number of fibres it stimulates

Question 34

the size principle

Answer 34

When completing a fine movement, smaller motor units are recruited to control the movement with a smaller intricate force. When greater force is required larger motor units are required and larger force increments occur

Question 35

the all or nothing principle

Answer 35

The all or nothing principle states that when the electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold, all of the fibres of that motor unit will contract at the same time and as forcefully as possible. We can vary the intensity of muscular contractions by 1. varying the number of motor units stimulated 2. varying frequency at which impulses arrive at the motor unit

Question 36

preferential fibre recruitment

Answer 36

The intensity of a task will determine which muscle fibre type is preferentially recruited. If an immediate, rapid response is required, then fast-twitch fibres will be quickest to respond. Slow-twitch fibres are preferentially recruited when the event is of lower intensity.

Question 37

acute injuries

Answer 37

occur suddenly and usually without any warning direct - result of external force (dislocated shoulder to tackling) indirect - caused by sudden change in direction, intensity (hyperextended knee)

Question 38

overuse injuries

Answer 38

caused by excessive and repeated use of the same muscle, bone or joint, without sufficient recovery. (e.g shin splints, elbow tendinitis)

Question 39

chronic injury

Answer 39

tend to start out as an acute injury then re-occur as a result of re-injury through prolonged weakness or insufficient rehab

Question 40

osteoporosis and arthritis

Answer 40

osteoporosis - bones with holes. prevention includes calcium intake, weight-bearing activities, avoid smoking. arthritis - inflammation in joints. difficulty doing everyday tasks. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common, in the hands.

Question 41

what makes a legal practice?

Answer 41

- one that enhances performance and does not violate WADA code - does not threaten health and safety - provides measurable performance

Question 42

WADA and WASADA

Answer 42

World Anti Doping Agency | Australia's Nation and Anti-Doping Agency

Question 43

legal methods of enhancing performance (x3)

Answer 43

- TRAINING (benefits = muscle growth, increased range of movement. risks = injury, overtraining) - PROTEIN (benefits = increase muscle power and strength, greater fuel storage in muscles. risks = displace other nutrients, compromise bone density, weight gain) - CREATINE (benefits = enable athletes to train higher intensity, increased creatine phosphate store. risks = weight gain, cramping, dehydration)

Question 44

illegal methods of enhancing performance

Answer 44

anabolic steroids and human growth hormones benefits - increased muscle mass/strength - reduced fatigue - reduced recovery time risks - hypertension - fluid retention

Question 45

ethical considerations in performance-enhancing practise

Answer 45

``` unfair advantage cheating access financial support diet ```

Question 46

sociocultural considerations in performance-enhancing practise

Answer 46

income education cultural norms