Behavioral Pyschology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is non-associative learning? What is associative learning?

A
  • non-associative = learning to reduce (habituation) or increase (sensitization) the amount of responding we do to stimuli that innately drive a response
  • associative = Linking up stimuli and experiences because something that was previously neutral predicts something important (good or bad)
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2
Q

What is habituation?

A

Reducing your responses to something that Repeats in your environment and doesn’t predict anything

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3
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Increasing your responses to something that repeats in your environment and is potentially harmful

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

creating a response to stimuli that previously did not warrant a response through repetition and cues

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus and response?

A
  • Unconditioned stimulus = stimulus that leads to an automatic response
  • Unconditioned response = automatic response to a stimulus
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6
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus and response?

A
  • Conditioned response = conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
  • Conditioned stimulus = a neutral stimulus that is repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus until it acquires the ability to elicit a response that it previously did not
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7
Q

Are classical conditioning responses voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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8
Q

What is acquisition?

A

the initial response ewe have to a stimulus, and then slow decline in response we experience over time (Ringing a bell gets a response, and a treat gets a response)

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9
Q

What is exctinction?

A

we stop responding to the neutral stimulus after previously responding to it (The ringing of a bell gets a response, but the treat itself does not)

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10
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the stimulus again creates a response after it originally was extinguished (When after the treat did not get a response, it does now)

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11
Q

What is blocking?

A
  • when you are only focusing on the stimulus that you have been conditioned to (that has a reward)
  • A secondary stimulus would not warrant a reaction
  • Only respond to the bell, don’t respond to a secondary stimulus such as a light
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12
Q

What is the Garcia effect?

A

When some associations are evolutionarily advantaged in our brain

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13
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A
  • Trouble with learning that a cue means something
  • the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning
  • Interferes with us acknowledging a new association for a cue due to the cue usually not having an association
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14
Q

What is Operant conditioning and how is it different from classical?

A
  • Operant means learning two associations
  • A cue in the environment triggers an action and an action triggers an outcome
  • more voluntary than classical conditioning
  • has the ability to reveal our motivation
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15
Q

What are the four kinds of outcomes in operant conditioning?

A
  • Positive punishment = you add a consequence to unwanted behavior
  • negative punishment = taking something good or desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior
  • positive reinforcement = the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior
  • negative reinforcement = the removal of something negative to strengthen a behavior
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16
Q

What is Stimulus Generalization?

A

the ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations

17
Q

What is discrimination?

A

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

18
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

A

any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated in similar situations

19
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A
  • Primary reinforcers = a biological stimulus causing involuntary reflex
  • Secondary reinforcers = conditioned stimulus causing learned behavior
20
Q

what are the different types of partial schedules of reinforcement?

A
  • fixed-ratio = Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses
  • fixed-interval = Reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals
  • variable-ratio = Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses
  • variable-interval = Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals
21
Q

What is a skinner box?

A
  • a often small chamber that is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals
  • animal is isolated and provided with a lever or switch which it learns to use to obtain a reward
22
Q

What are shaping and chaining?

A
  • Shaping = reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior by learning the desired behavior first
  • chaining = based on task analysis, in which individual steps are recognized as requirements for task mastery
23
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

people emulate the behavior they observe in their environment, especially if that behavior is reinforced in others

24
Q

What is cultural transmission of learning?

A

process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups