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Psychology Test 2 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sensory Memory’s capacity, duration and function?

A
  • Function: To sustain information about identification
  • Duration: 1/2-3 seconds
  • Capacity: very large (“scenic)
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2
Q

How did the Sperling study measure the duration and capacity of sensory memory?

A
  • Had a block with a dot in the middle and then flashed 3 rows of four letters for about half a second (counted how many you could remember)
  • had you only write down one row, but you didn’t know which row you had to write down until after
  • varied the duration of the letters flashing to measure how long sensory memory lasted
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3
Q

What is Echoic Memory and it’s duration?

A
  • auditory processing
  • duration = 3 seconds
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4
Q

What is Iconic Memory and it’s duration?

A
  • visual processing
  • duration = 1/2 second
  • *so quick that we have very little if any conscious awareness of it
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5
Q

What are attention, rehearsal, encoding and retrieval?

A
  • Attention: selects information from sensory memory
  • Rehearsal: Maintains information in working memory
  • Encoding: sends information to long-term memory
  • Retrieval: Brings information from LTM to working memory
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6
Q

What is short-term memory’s capacity, duration and function?

A

Function: to do conscious work, to think
Duration: 10-15 seconds without rehearsal
Capacity: 7 plus or minus 2 items

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7
Q

How did Peterson and Peterson study the duration of short-term memory?

A
  • Remember letters
  • Count backwards by 7s
  • Keeps you from rehearsing so we can see how quickly the memory fades
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8
Q

What are long-term memory’s capacity, duration and function?

A
  • Function: to tie together the past with the present
  • Capacity: enormous (essentially unlimited)
  • Duration: very long (essentially permanent)
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9
Q

What is Episodic memory and examples?

A
  • Everyday events and personal experiences (conscious)
  • What did you have for breakfast today
  • Who was the lecturer in psych 1001 last week
  • Where were you on your 18th birthday
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10
Q

What is Semantic memory and examples?

A
  • general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives (conscious)
  • What is your mother’s first name
  • What kind of bird is black and white, lives in the antarctic, and swims rather than flies
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11
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A
  • knowledge about how to do things (unconscious)
  • Tying your shoes
  • Driving a car
  • Juggling
  • Playing a musical instrument
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12
Q

Who is Clive Wearing? (Significance)

A
  • has chronic anterograde and retrograde amnesia
  • lost all memories of his past and cannot form new memories
  • shows the importance of long-term memory in connecting past to present and guiding us in our actions
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13
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A
  • Performance is best at the beginning and end of recall vs. the middle
  • creates a sort of curve that looks like a U
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14
Q

What is recency?

A
  • You are more likely to remember things that are more recent in your memory
  • only effective if you are asked to recall shortly after the exercise
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15
Q

What is primacy?

A
  • You are more likely to remember things that occur at the beginning of a sequence
  • more time for repetition/rehearsal
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16
Q

What are the different kinds of long-term memory?

A
  • Explicit –> in your awareness (episodic and semantic)
  • Implicit –> outside your awareness (procedural, classical conditioning, priming)
17
Q

What is a mnemonic?

A

a memory aid, such as an abbreviation, rhyme or mental image that helps to remember something.

18
Q

What is imagery?

A

Creating an image of what a word looks like to help remember it

19
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

imagining walking through a familiar place with landmarks acting as memory cues

20
Q

What is the keyword method?

A

Imagining an interaction between words to help remember it

21
Q

What is a narrative technique?

A

Weave together a story to remember a list

22
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

when a person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information

23
Q

What is source monitoring errors?

A

a type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience

24
Q

What are examples of implanted memories?

A
  • being lost in a mall as a child
  • tying your shoes on the sidewalk as your friends walk ahead
25
Q

What kinds of things increase the likelihood of false memories?

A
  • if the event was traumatic/negative
  • Similarity with another memory
  • Telling the story over and over again
  • Misinformation
26
Q

What is anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

A
  • Anterograde = you can’t form new memories
  • retrograde = you can’t remember old memories
27
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

A

to attach emotional significance to memories

28
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

a vivid, enduring memory associated with a personally significant and emotional event, often including such details as where the individual was or what he or she was doing at the time of the event

29
Q

What is the difference between recall, recognition, and relearning as measures of memory?

A
  • Recall = doesn’t require a cue
  • Recognition = requires a cue in order to recall
  • Relearning = learning something that you have already learned prior
30
Q

What is encoding specificity (e.g., context-dependent learning; state-dependent learning)?

A
  • context-dependent learning = being able to remember something when the context of the memory and your current context are similar
  • state-dependent learning = being able to remember something when your current state of mind is similar to when the memory occurred
  • encoding specificity = retrieval of memories are helped by the situation you are in when you are trying to recall them
31
Q

Who was Ebbinghaus, and what was his forgetting curve?

A
  • a german psychologist
  • information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it
  • the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material (e.g. how meaningful it is), its representation and other physiological factors such as stress and sleep
32
Q

In forgetting, what is the difference between decay and interference?

A
  • Decay = forgetting due to the passage of time
  • Interference = forgetting because other information in the LTM is interfering with the memory you are trying to retrieve
33
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

when current information you are learning affects how well you remember previously learned information

34
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

when previously learned information affects how well you learn new information

35
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning

Psychology Test 2 (5 decks)

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