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BIO 431 > Digestive System Lecture > Flashcards

Digestive System Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

(Gastrointestinal tract, GI)
A hollow tube that runs from mouth to anus. Maintaining homeostasis of the lumen in this canal is important.

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2
Q

Pathway of Alimentary Canal

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine –> anus

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3
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A

Organs that mostly sit outside of alimentary canal and send substances to the lumen.
Examples: tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food in at the oral cavity

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5
Q

Propulsion

A

Ability to move substances through the alimentary canal
Examples: swallowing and peristalsis

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6
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Using physical force to break apart large structures to smaller ones
Examples: mastication, segmentation, and churning

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7
Q

Churning

A

Using force to twist food inside the stomach into smaller substances

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8
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Breaking chemical bonds in the foods that we eat using enzymes.
Purpose: to get to smallest absorbable form

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9
Q

Absorption

A

Allow nutrients and h2o from lumen in the alimentary canal to be absorbed by our blood/ lymphatics

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10
Q

Defecation

A

Ability to get rid of all indigestible and non-absorbable substances

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11
Q

Peristalsis

A

Type of propulsion; as smooth muscle in alimentary canal constricts, foodstuff gets moved

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12
Q

Segementation

A

Type of mechanical digestion; contracts smooth muscle nonadjacent walls in lumen so foodstuffs can collide and break apart

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13
Q

Layers of Alimentary Canal

A

-Mucosa (innermost)&raquo_space;epithelium, lamina propia, & muscularis mucosae
-Submucosa
-Muscularis externa
-Serosa or adventitia (outermost)

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14
Q

Epithelium

A

In mucosa layer composed of non keratinized stratified squamous ET which can take damage.
Also composed of simple columnar ET w/ goblet cells

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15
Q

Lamina Propia

A

In mucosa layer composed of areolar CT w/ blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and MALT

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16
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

In mucosa layer composed of smooth muscle that can dislodge stuck particles

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17
Q

Submucosa

A

Made of areolar CT w/ blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and MALT. Also contain submucosal nerve plexus

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18
Q

Musularis externa

A

Made of inner layer of circular and outer layer of longitudinal arranged smooth muscle. Also contain myenteric nerve plexus

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19
Q

Serosa

A

Is seen if organ is within abdominal cavity

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20
Q

Adventitia

A

Is seen in outer layer if organ is outside of abdominal cavity

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21
Q

Intrinsic Innervation

A

Comes from enteric nervous system.
Includes: submucosa plexus and myenteric plexus

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22
Q

Submucosa nerve plexus

A

(Occurs via intrinsic innervation)
Located in submucosa that regulates digestive secretion and reacts to the presence of food

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23
Q

Myenteric nerve Plexus

A

(Occurs via intrinsic innervation)
Located in muscularis mucosae that controls motility

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24
Q

Extrinsic Innervation

A

By autonomic nervous system.
Includes: SNS & PSNS

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25
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

(Occurs via extrinsic innervation)
Inhibits the digestive process, “fight or flight”

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26
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Digesting occurs, “rest & digest”

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27
Q

Short Reflexes

A

Involves the intrinsic nerve plexuses that occurs entirely within the gastrointestinal wall. Wall can sense change via receptors and respond accordingly with effectors such as smooth muscle or glands

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28
Q

Long Reflexes

A

Extrinsic innervation that involves CNS and ANS.

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29
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secretes GI hormones into the blood stream to travel to the target organ

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30
Q

Peritoneum

A

In abdominal cavity that contain serous membranes

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31
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines wall of abdominal cavity

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32
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Lines outer layer wall of organ

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33
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Between visceral and parietal peritoneum. Filled with peritoneal fluid to reduce friction of moving organs

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34
Q

Peritoneal fold

A

Mesenteries: double serous membrane that provides a pathway to get vessels and blood from posterior wall out to organs suspended within the abdominal cavity

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35
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Located outside the peritoneum and most often in back body wall. Examples: kidney, spleen, and duodenum

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36
Q

Function of Peritoneal fold

A

Provide nutrients, oxygen, lymphatics, and nerves to organs that are suspended within the abdominal cavity

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37
Q

Mesocolon

A

A mesentery that attaches the transverse colon to the mesocolon

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38
Q

Greater omentum

A

Attaches the greater curvature to the transverse colon

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39
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Attaches the lesser curvature to the liver

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40
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

Attaches the right and left lobe of liver

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41
Q

Functions of oral cavity

A

Ingests food, mastication to create bolus, begins chemical digestion of carbs, and moves food to pharynx

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42
Q

Salivary amylase

A

A carb digesting enzyme secreted by salivary glands to start digestion

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43
Q

What is oral cavity lined in?

A

Lined in non keratinized stratified squamous ET for protection against heat, chemicals, and abrasion

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44
Q

Tongue

A

An accessory digestive organ that sits in oral cavity lined in non keratinized stratified squamous ET

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45
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

“spiky like structures” that gives surface grip. No taste buds.

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46
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

Contains taste buds, located towards front of tongue

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47
Q

Vallate Papillae

A

10-12 of them in an inverted V located in back of tongue. Contain very deep crips with taste buds

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48
Q

Teeth location?

A

In mandible and maxilla

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49
Q

Dentin

A

Bone-like tissue that is avascular

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50
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Contain blood vessels and nerves that supply the teeth

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51
Q

Enamel

A

Covers crown of teeth. Hardest substance in body that contains hydroxyapatites

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52
Q

Function of teeth?

A

Mastication

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53
Q

Location of minor salivary glands?

A

Mouth and tongue

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54
Q

Loaction of major salivary galnds?

A

Outside oral cavity

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55
Q

Function of major salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva. EX: parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands

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56
Q

Saliva composition

A

Mostly water (98-99.5%). Contain ions (bicarbonate, K+, Cl), salivary amylase, proteins (mucin, lysozyme, lgA), and nitrogen containing metabolic wastes

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57
Q

Digestion of carbs begins where?

A

In oral cavity because salivary amylase digest carbohydrates

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58
Q

Submandibular glands contain what cells?

A

Both serous and mucous cells

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59
Q

Parotid glands contain what cells?

A

Mostly serous cells

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60
Q

Sublingual glands contain what cells?

A

Mostly mucous cells

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61
Q

Function of minor salivary glands?

A

Keep mouth moist by secreting low volume of saliva

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62
Q

Taste receptors pick up?

A

Taste chemicals; leads to increase in saliva production

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63
Q

chemoreceptors pick up?

A

Chemicals in food we eat; leads to increase in saliva production

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64
Q

Mechanoreceptors pick up?

A

Can sense presence of food in the mouth; leads to increase in saliva production

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65
Q

Irritated G.I tract stimulates will cause?

A

Will increase salivation

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66
Q

Location of salivatory nuclei

A

Brainstem in pons

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67
Q

Parasympathetic impulses do what to oral cavity?

A

Produce more saliva in major glands

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68
Q

Sympathetic impulses do what to oral cavity?

A

Inhibit salivation resulting in dry mouth

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69
Q

Pharynx passage

A

mouth to oropharynx to laryngopharynx

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70
Q

Pharynx routes food and fluid to?

A

The epiglottis

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71
Q

Pharynx routes air to?

A

Larynx then trachea

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72
Q

What ET lines pharynx?

A

Non-keratinized stratified ET due to abrasion

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73
Q

Deglutition

A

Process of swallowing

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74
Q

Voluntary phase

A

Having concious control of swallowing via pushing tongue against roof of mouth and pushing bolus back

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75
Q

Pharyngeal phase

A

Involuntary controlled by medulla

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76
Q

Esophageal phase

A

Involuntary controlled by medulla.

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77
Q

Layers in esophagus?

A

Contains all 4 alimentary canal layers. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

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78
Q

How many phases of deglutition?

A

3

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79
Q

Stomach functions

A

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and can absorb very little

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80
Q

Pepsin

A

A protein digesting enzyme in stomach

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81
Q

Gastric lipase

A

A fat digesting enzyme in stomach

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82
Q

How does chyme form?

A

Stomach juices mix together with bolus to form pasty acidic chyme

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83
Q

Chyme is delivered to

A

C shaped duodenum

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84
Q

Function of rugae

A

Folded wrinkle bits covering entire stomach that can stretch or decrease in shape when empty

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85
Q

Mucosa layer in stomach contains

A

Gastric pits and gastric gland

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86
Q

Gastric pits are lined in?

A

Mucus cells that serve for mucous secretion

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87
Q

Gastric glands contain?

A

Gastric juice that is very acidic

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88
Q

Epithelium layer in stomach contains

A

Simple columnar ET w/ lots of goblet cells

89
Q

Mucosal barrier

A

Contain surface barrier cells that secrete bicarbonate rich mucus to make environment less acidic. Cells are connected by tight junctions

90
Q

Breakdown of mucosal barrier can lead to?

A

Peptic erosions and ulcers

91
Q

Majority of ulcers caused by?

A

Excessive intake of non-sterodial anti inflammatory drugs EX: aspirin and Helicobacter pylori infection

92
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Are thin cells that contain acidic mucus and sit close to gastric pits

93
Q

Parietal cells secrete?

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

94
Q

Purpose of HCL

A

Denatures proteins and changes structure via unfolding in parietal cells

95
Q

Purpose of intrinsic factor

A

Needed to absorb vit B-12 in parietal cells

96
Q

Chief cells secrete?

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

97
Q

Purpose of pepsinogen

A

Activate propase to digest proteins in stomach in chief cells

98
Q

Purpose of gastric lipase

A

Digests milk fats in chief cells

99
Q

Enteroendocrine G cells

A

Secrete gastrin that travels in blood to stomach leading to an increase in gastric juice secretions

100
Q

Phases of gastric secretion

A

1) Cephalic phase
2) Gastric phase
3) Intestinal phase

101
Q

Cephalic phase

A

(head area) Before food has even entered the stomach

102
Q

Cephalic phase pathway

A

Medulla + hypothalamus–> vagus nerve–> increased gastric secretions

103
Q

Stimulatory events of cephalic phase

A

Smell, thought, taste, and sight of food. Communicate to PSNS

104
Q

Inhibitory events of cephalic phase

A

Rotten food, food you dislike, depression, and loss of appetite

105
Q

Stimulatory events of gastric phase

A

More proteins in stomach, high pH, and increase of caffeine. Communicate to enteroendocrine G cells

106
Q

Inhibitory events of gastric phase

A

Sympathetic nervous system being stimulated

107
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

3rd phase of gastric secretion.

108
Q

Stimulatory events of intestinal phase

A

Enteroendocrine G cells in duodenum secrete intestinal gastrin that increase gastric juice

109
Q

Inhibitory events of intestinal phase

A

Enterocendocrine cells in duodenum secrete CCK and secretin

110
Q

Gastric filling

A

Reflective relaxation occurs in stomach coordinated by swallowing center of the brain stem. Is a stress relaxation response of smooth muscle

111
Q

Peristaltic mixing waves

A

About 3 per minute occur and mix food with gastric secretion to create chyme. Are more powerful near pylorus

112
Q

Gastric emptying

A

Rhythmic mixing waves force 3ml of chyme through pyloric sphincter

113
Q

Stomach empties every?

A

In 2-4 hours. Carb rich chyme empties fastest and triglyceride rich chyme causes food to remain in stomach for 6+ hours

114
Q

Secretory cells in gastric glands include? (4)

A

Mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enternoendocrine G cells

115
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in body consisting of 4 lobes

116
Q

Name 4 lobes of liver

A

R and L lobe, quadrant lobe, and caudate lobe

117
Q

Associated peritoneal lobes in liver

A

Falciform ligament and lesser omentum

118
Q

Hepatic portals ? (3)

A

Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common bile duct

119
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

Major artery delivering blood to the liver

120
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Brings deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs and portal that blood to liver to process nutrients

121
Q

Common Bile Duct

A

Takes bile away from the liver all the wya to the duodenum

122
Q

Hepatic Lobules

A

Hexagonal shaped structure in liver

123
Q

Components of hepatic lobules? (3)

A

1) Hepatocytes
2) Bile canaliculi
3) Hepatic sinusoids

124
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells

125
Q

Bile Canaliculi

A

Allow for drainage of bile away from lobules into ducts

126
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

(Permeable) Open spaces between hepatocytes where blood pools

127
Q

Open area in lobule?

A

Central vein where blood travels to

128
Q

Hepatocytes filter what?

A

Filter nutrient-rich blood

129
Q

Portal triad location?

A

At corners of each liver lobule

130
Q

Portal triad consists of? (3)

A

1) bile duct
2) branch of hepatic artery
3) branch of hepatic portal vein

131
Q

Bile duct

A

Take bile away from a hepatic lobule

132
Q

Branch of hepatic artery

A

Brings oxygenated blood into a sinusoid to be taken to central vein

133
Q

Branch of hepatic portal vein

A

Brings deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood to the sinusoids

134
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Fixed microphages in plates of hempatocytes. Phagocytize foreign cells

135
Q

Liver functions

A

-Produce bile, cholesterol and lipoproteins, process bloodborne nutrients, store fat soluable vitamins, and perform detoxification

136
Q

High density lipoproteins

A

(“Happy”) Transport fatty substances via bloodstream back to the liver for processing

137
Q

Low density lipoproteins

A

(“Lousy”) Keep fats in bloodstream rather than taking to liver for processing. Contribute to plaque buildup

138
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breaks down glycogen in liver

139
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Uses fats and proteins to make new glucose in liver

140
Q

Bile is made by?

A

Hepatocytes in liver towards duodenum

141
Q

Color of bile

A

Yellow brown or yellow green alkaline solution

142
Q

Bile contains

A

Water, electrolytes, bile salts, bilirubin, phosphates, and cholesterol

143
Q

Bile salts

A

Cholesteral derivative

144
Q

Lipid emulsification

A

Emulsify fats to keep droplets apart from each other and increase surface area. Occur in bile salts

145
Q

Fat absorption

A

Coat digestive fat with bile salts to from micelles. Important for absorbing dietary fats

146
Q

Bilirubin

A

Pigment produced from breakdown of hemoglobin due to heme metabolizing. Gives bile its pigment.

147
Q

Stercobilin

A

Made by bacteria in large intestine and is what gives feces its brown color

148
Q

Enterohepatic Circulation

A

Bile salts are reclaimed (recycled) by the enterohepatic circulation. Bile salts are picked up by capillary bed from the Ileum

149
Q

Gallbladder

A

Muscular sac that stores and propels bile to the duodenum

150
Q

Bile travels where in gallbladder?

A

Into cystic duct, to common bile duct, and into open sphincter

151
Q

Pancreas

A

A retroperitonial organ located by C shaped duodenum

152
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Produce enzyme rich pancreatic ducts by acinar cells and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice by ducts

153
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretes hormones via pancreatic islets to outside of body to regulate blood glucose levels

154
Q

Pancreatic juice composition

A

Mostly water, salts, sodium bicarbonate to make pancreatic juice alkaline, and digestive enzymes

155
Q

Pancreatic proteases are secrated in what form?

A

Inactive form that arrive from pancreas

156
Q

Enteropeptidase

A

Brush border enzyme thats sits on microvilli

157
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Is converted to trypsin via enteropeptidase

158
Q

Trypsin

A

Once activated can convert Chymotrypsin into chymotrypsin and procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase

159
Q

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in what form?

A

Active form activated in small intestine

160
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

chemically digest carbs

161
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

chemically digest fats

162
Q

ribonuclease and deoxyribonucleas

A

chemically digest nucleic acids
DNA to DNA nucleotides
RNA to nucleotides

163
Q

CCK and secretin are produced where and by what ?

A

Duodenum by enteroendocrine G cells to travel in bloodstream

164
Q

Secretin is secreted why?

A

in response to acidity of chyme in duodenum. Target stomach

165
Q

CCK is secreted why?

A

In response to fats and proteins in chyme. Target stomach

166
Q

Secretin target what

A

pancreas duct cells to increase bicarb ions, hepatocytes in liver to increase bile, and inhibits stomach activity

167
Q

CCK target what

A

pancreas acinar cells to secrete more digestive enzymes, gallbladder to take bile to sphincter, hepatopancreatic sphincter to let bile and juice into duodenum, and hypothalamus to satisfy hunger

168
Q

Small intestine regions

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

169
Q

Small intestine functions?

A

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and absorption

170
Q

Ways to increase surface area in small intestine?

A

circular folds, villi, and microvilli

171
Q

Circular folds

A

increase surface area, slow chyme down and spiral as it hits walls of lumen

172
Q

Villi

A

Contain blood capillaries and lacteals= specialized lymphatic capillaries

173
Q

Microvilli

A

Brush border that are inside villi for even more surface area

174
Q

Goblet cells produce what

A

Musin which become mucous

175
Q

Dextrin

A

Broken down by brush border enzyme dextrinase into glucose

176
Q

lactose

A

broken down by brush border enzyme lactase into glucose and galactose. In small intestine

177
Q

sucrose

A

broken down by brush border enzyme sucrase into glucose and fructose

178
Q

maltose

A

broken down by brush border enzyme maltase into glucose

179
Q

Enterocytes

A

Absorptive cells that have microvilli with fixed brush border enzymes
EX: lactase, dipeptidase

180
Q

Aminopeptidase

A

A brush border enzyme that breaks off amino acid from amine side of chain

181
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

Comes from pancreas. breaks off carboxyl chain in amino acid chain

182
Q

Dipeptidase

A

A brush border that takes 2 proteins and cuts into 1 to be able to absorb in simplest form

183
Q

Phosphates function

A

break the phosphate of nucleotide

184
Q

Nuclosidases

A

breaks the nitrogen containing bond of nucleotide

185
Q

Are there fat digesting enzymes in brush border?

A

No, only in pancreatic lipase from pancreas and lingual lipase

186
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

In mucosa of small intestine that secrete hormones to blood; include intestinal gastrin, secretion, and CCK

187
Q

Paneth cells

A

secrete defenses and lysozyme (antimicrobial)

188
Q

Duodenal glands

A

bicarbonate rich mucosa in submucosa of duodenum

189
Q

Peristalsis works how?

A

Each wave starts distal to previous wave.

190
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

increases force of segmentation to ileum. Causes iliocecal sphincter relaxation

191
Q

gastrin secretion

A

increases motility in ileum. Causes iliocecal sphincter relaxation

192
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Finish absorption of water, synthesize vitamins, and eliminate feces

193
Q

rectum

A

3 rectal valves help prevent simultaneous passage of feces and gas

194
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

part of muscularis externa layer, smooth muscle (no voluntary control)

195
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary control)

196
Q

bacterial flora

A

trillions of bacteria live within large intestine

197
Q

Functions of bacteria flora

A

-ferment indigestible carbs, release irritating gases that create flatus, synthesize vit K, and keep pathogenic bacteria in check.

198
Q

Semisolid feces contain

A

-undigested food residue, ET cells, millions of bacteria, mucus, stercobilin, and enough water for smooth passage

199
Q

Haustral contractions

A

weak, sluggish contractions. Slow peristalsis. Initiated when food residue is in colon

200
Q

Mass movement

A

strong contractions, initiated by the gastrocolic reflex when food is in stomach, and initiates defecation reflex

201
Q

Kidney functions?

A

filter blood, regulate pH and blood pressure, regulate solute concentrations, endocrine function, and activate vit D

202
Q

How to activate vit D

A

cholecalciferol (inactive vit d) to calcitriol (active vit d)

203
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

(innermost) Made of dense irregular connective tissue that prevents kidney from risk of infection

204
Q

Renal fat pad

A

adipose tissue that serves for cushioning, shock absorption, and protection of kidney

205
Q

Renal fascia

A

(outermost) Thick and tuff that anchors kidney in place

206
Q

Outer renal cortex

A

where majority of filtration occurs

207
Q

Inner renal medulla

A

w/ renal columns, renal pyramids (for filtration), and renal papillae

208
Q

renal lobes

A

renal pyramid + cortex

209
Q

Calyx

A

Minor leads to major calyx and to renal pelvis

210
Q

renal hilum

A

concave curvature where blood vessels and urine enter the kidney

211
Q

Urine flow ?

A

Renal papilla to minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter—> take urine to urinary bladder
(once in minor calyx urine is destined)

212
Q

Nephron functions

A

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
-Takes filtrate of blood and modifies it into urine

213
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Sac like structures that creates filtrate

214
Q

renal tubules

A

returns nutrients and fluids that have been filtered from the blood, but the body needs back in blood.

215
Q

Renal corpuscle is made of ?

A

1) Glomerulus
2) Glomerulus capsule

216
Q

Glomerulus

A

A capillary bed fed by larger afferent arteriole to smaller efferent arteriole = making a pressure

217
Q

Glomerulus capsule

A

w/ parietal layer of simple sq. ET(innermost), capsular space (contains filtrate that is caught), and visceral layer

218
Q

Visceral layer contain ?

A

podocytes with filtration slits

BIO 431 (15 decks)

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