Endocrine Lecture

Question 1

Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 1

endocrine: do not have a duct to the surface of the skin or lumen of organ (except goblet cells) and secrete hormones to the blood stream
exocrine: have ducts to the surface

Question 2

Exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 2

exocrine: pancreatic juices
endocrine: insulin and glucagon production

Question 3

Exocrine and endocrine function of the testes

Answer 3

exocrine: sperm
endocrine: testosterone

Question 4

Exocrine and endocrine function of the ovaries

Answer 4

exocrine: ova
endocrine: estrogen and progesterone

Question 5

which type of hormone is water soluble?

Answer 5

amino-acid based hormones

Question 6

which type of hormone is lipid soluble?

Answer 6

steroid hormones

Question 7

What are three examples of amino acid based hormones

Answer 7

amines, peptides, and proteins

Question 8

what are two examples of steroid hormones

Answer 8

gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

Question 9

What are steroid hormones made from?

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

How do intracellular hormone receptors work?

Answer 10

Lipid soluble hormones + thyroid hormones enter the cell and bind to intracellular receptor and form hormone-receptor complex. Complex binds to DNA which starts transcription of target gene to create protein that alters cell activity

Question 11

how do cell membrane receptors work?

Answer 11

-Water soluble hormone binds to receptor and activates G protein
-G protein activates adenlyl cyclase
-adenlyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
-cAMP activates protein kinases
-protein hydrolyzes ATP to ADP
-free phosphate phosphorylates proteins, activating them
-proteins change cellular activity

Question 12

what is the first messenger in the membrane receptor cascade?

Answer 12

the hormone

Question 13

what is the second messenger in the membrane receptor cascade?

Answer 13

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Question 14

How are hormone levels regulated in the blood?

Answer 14

negative feedback

Question 15

What are the three stimuli that stimulate hormone release?

Answer 15

humoral, neural, and hormonal

Question 16

define humoral stimuli

Answer 16

extracellular concentration of solutes, too high or low

Question 17

define neural stimuli

Answer 17

direct neural communication to glands

Question 18

define hormonal stimuli

Answer 18

gland stimulated by another hormone

Question 19

name for the anterior pituitary

Answer 19

adenohypophysis (glandular tissue)

Question 20

name for the posterior pituitary

Answer 20

neurohypophysis (axons and axon terminals of the neurons of the hypothalumus)

Question 21

what is the main function of the neurohypophysis

Answer 21

storing and secreting hormones made by the hypothalamus. released by action potentials

Question 22

What hormones are made by the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Answer 22

supraoptic=antidiuretic hormone
paraventricular= oxytocin

Question 23

what method regulates oxytocin levels?

Answer 23

positive feedback