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Clinical Medicine I > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system

A
  • includes blood vessels and the heart
  • transports blood throughout the body
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2
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A
  • collects excess extracellular fluid & transports from periphery to venous system
  • filters bacteria, viruses, waste products, & other foreign matter
  • produces antibodies that help immune system fight infection
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3
Q

Describe the heart

A
  • contracts involuntarily
  • is a closed system
  • provides pumping force to move blood
  • located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity to the left of midline
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4
Q

Describe the pulmonary circuit

A
  • transports oxygen depleted blood
  • R side of heart > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > L side of heart
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5
Q

Describe the systemic circuit

A
  • transports oxygen risk blood
  • from L side of heart > aorta > arteries > capillary beds > veins > superior/inferior vena cava
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6
Q

Describe blood vessels

A
  • veins & arteries are generally paired & run parallel to each other
  • arteries move blood away from the heart
  • veins move blood back to the heart
  • arteries typically contain oxygenated blood & veins deoxygenated blood except in the pulmonary vein & artery
  • blood travels through progressively smaller arteries & then back through progressively larger veins
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7
Q

Describe the left and right atria

A
  • receive blood from veins
  • thin muscular walls
  • pump blood to ventricles
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8
Q

Describe left and right ventricles

A
  • pump blood to lungs and body
  • thicker muscular walls (L ventricle has thicker walls then R ventricle)
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9
Q

Purpose of valves

A
  • allow blood flow in one direction
  • leading in and out of ventricles
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10
Q

Where are the 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves

A
  • Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle
  • Bicuspid valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle
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11
Q

Where are the 2 semilunar (SL) valves

A
  • Pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
  • Aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta
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12
Q

What is a pulse

A
  • pressure in the artery during systole
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13
Q

What is blood pressure

A
  • how much the blood has contact with the artery walls during systole & diastole
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14
Q

Describe systole

A
  • highest pressure in an artery at the moment of the beat
  • pumps blood through the system, 1st sound as the cuff deflates
  • contraction phase
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15
Q

Describe diastole

A
  • lowest pressure in an artery between successive beats, when sounds cannot be heard
  • relaxation & fill
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16
Q

What regulates blood pressure

A
  • regulated by vasomotor center (medulla oblongata) with input from parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
17
Q

Describe the baroreceptor reflex

A
  • mechanism to maintain BP, provides a negative feedback loop
  • an increase in BP will result in a decrease in HR to decrease BP
  • relies on baroreceptors in aortic arch & carotid sinus to monitor changes & relay to medulla oblongata
18
Q

When do you hear the Lub sound

A
  • when the ventricles are full the AV valves close (tricuspid & bicuspid)
19
Q

When do you hear the Dub sound

A
  • when the SL valves (semilunar valves) close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles from aorta & pulmonary arteries
20
Q

Describe the 3rd heart sound

A
  • ventricular gallop
  • caused by rapid ventricular filling
  • occurs at beginning of diastole after S2
  • sound creates a gallop cadence & sounds the “Tennessee” with Lub Dub
  • can be normal in youths, trained athletes, and pregnancy
21
Q

Describe cardiac auscultation

A

Bell = lower frequency sounds
Diaphragm = higher frequency sounds
High frequency = opening & closing of valves
Low frequency = 3rd & 4th sounds

22
Q

Mnemonic for cardiac auscultation positions

A

All = aortic area
People = pulmonic area
Enjoy = erbs point (left sternal border)
Times = tricuspid area
Magazine = mitral area (apex)

23
Q

Describe murmurs

A
  • whooshing & swishing sounds
  • congenital or acquired
  • innocent or abnormal
  • diastolic, systolic, or continuous
24
Q

Describe systolic murmurs

A
  • occurs between S1 & S2 during systole (ventricular contraction)
  • associated with mechanical systolic & ventricular ejection
  • caused by aortic stenosis or pulmonary stenosis
25
Q

Describe diastolic murmur

A
  • occurs after S2 & before S1 duration occurring during diastole (relaxation)
  • all diastolic murmurs imply some alteration of anatomy or function of the cardiovascular structures
  • mitral or tricuspid valve stenosis
  • caused by aortic and pulmonary valve regurgitation
26
Q

What are the leading risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A
  • hypertension
  • high serum cholesterol levels
  • smoking
27
Q

Unmodifiable cardiac risk factors

A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • family history
  • type I diabetes
28
Q

Modifiable cardiac risk factors

A
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • high cholesterol (>200 mg/dL)
  • obesity
  • inactivity
  • type II diabetes
  • alcohol consumption
29
Q

Indicators of cardiovascular dysfunction

A
  • chest pain/angina
  • palpitations
  • dyspnea with exertion
  • increase in symptoms with activity
  • fatigue
  • cough
  • dizziness/syncope
  • throbbing pain that increases with activity
  • edema
  • leg pain
  • cyanosis
  • Rubor on dependency
  • poor nail or hair growth
  • intermittent claudication (pain with exercise)
  • dry shiny skin
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • smoking
  • physical inactivity
  • systolic pressure that does not change with activity or decreases with exercise

Clinical Medicine I (26 decks)

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