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BIO 024: Biochemistry > Nucleic Acid (Module) > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid (Module) Flashcards

1
Q

is a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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2
Q

a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains ribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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3
Q

discovered nucleic acids in 1869 while studying the nuclei of white blood cells

A

FRIEDRICH MIESCHER

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4
Q

Coined DNA molecule as three dimensional double helix structure

A

JAMES DEWEY WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK

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5
Q

TYPE OF STRAND: Double helix w/ anti-parallel & complementary strands

A

DNA

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6
Q

TYPE OF STRAND: Single strand

A

RNA

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7
Q

LENGTH OF STRANDS : Longer

A

DNA

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8
Q

LENGTH OF STRANDS : Shorter

A

RNA

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9
Q

Found in the nucleus, with a small amount also present in mitochondria.

A

DNA

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10
Q

Forms in the nucleolus, and then moves to specialized regions of the cytoplasm depending on the type of RNA formed.

A

RNA

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11
Q

Replicates and stores or the blueprint genetic information

A

DNA

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12
Q

converts the genetic information contained within DNA to a format used to build proteins

A

RNA

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13
Q

What are the nucleotide building blocks?

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Nitrogenous bases
  3. Phosphate
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14
Q

Bases of DNA:

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
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15
Q

Bases of RNA:

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Uracil
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16
Q

Only pairs involving one small base (_______) and one large base (_______) correctly “fit” within the helix interior

A

pyrimidine & purine

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17
Q

What two combinations are the only two that normally occur in DNA?

A

A–T (2 H-bond) and G–C (3 H-bond)

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18
Q

A and T, and G and C are ______ bases.

A

complementary bases

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19
Q

are strands of DNA in a double helix with base pairing such that each base is located opposite its complementary base

A

Complementary DNA strands

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20
Q

Purine and pyrimidine bases are ______ in nature, so their stacking interactions are those associated with hydrophobic molecules—mainly London forces.

A

hydrophobic

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21
Q

the most common or prinicipal form of the DNA double helix that occurs in nature

A

B-DNA

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22
Q

a form of a DNA double helix characterized by having fewer residues per turn and major and minor grooves with dimensions that are more similar to each other than those of B-DNA.

A

A-DNA

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23
Q

Found as artifact of DNA preparation or dehydrated B-DNA samples

A

A-DNA

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24
Q

has been seen to occur naturally under certain circumstances. Has zigzag look of the phosphodiester backbone when viewed from the side.

A

Z-DNA

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25
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX :

Right handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the right hand as the thumb is placed upward

A

A-DNA & B-DNA

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26
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Left handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the left hand as the thumb is placed upward

A

Z-DNA (Zigzag)

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27
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Major groove: narrow and deep
Minor groove: wide and shallow

A

A-DNA

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28
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Major groove: wide and deep
Minor groove: narrow and deep

A

B-DNA

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29
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Major groove: flat
Minor groove: narrow and deep

A

Z-DNA (Zigzag)

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30
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Number of base pairs per helical turn: 11

A

A-DNA

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31
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Number of base pairs per helical turn: 10

A

B-DNA

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32
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Number of base pairs per helical turn: 12

A

Z-DNA (Zigzag)

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33
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Present mostly: In DNA-RNA hybrids or RNA-RNA double stranded regions

A

A-DNA

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34
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Present mostly: Chromosomal DNA

A

B-DNA

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35
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMS OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX:

Present mostly: In sequence of alternating purines and pyrimidines
(ex. polyGC like dCpGpCpGpCpG)

A

Z-DNA (Zigzag)

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36
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells & circular plasmids. Not found inside the organelles

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

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37
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, inside the chloroplast & mitochondria

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

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38
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Small amount of DNA in the form of a single, Circular chromosomes

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

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39
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

More DNA arranged in multiple, linear chromosomes

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

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40
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Consist of 1 copy of genome

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

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41
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Consist of more than 1 copy of genome

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

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42
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Introns are absent

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

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43
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Introns are present

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

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44
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Contains of small number of genes

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

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45
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Contains of large number of genes

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

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46
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

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47
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

DNA replication occurs in the nucleus

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

48
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Organized into single chromosomes

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

49
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Organized into many chromosomes

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

50
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Chromosome contains single origin of replication

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

51
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Chromosome contains many origin of replication

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

52
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Not packed with histones and condenses to form nucleoid

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

53
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

Packed with histones to form chromatin

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

54
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

DNA replication is rapid

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

55
Q

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC DNA MOLECULES:

DNA replication is slow

A

EUKARYOTIC DNA

56
Q

Each chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryote contains one long, linear molecule of dsDNA, which is bound to a complex mixture of proteins (histone and non-histone) to form ________.

A

chromatin

57
Q

typically contains a single, double-stranded, supercoiled, circular chromosome.

A

prokaryotic organism

58
Q

Each prokaryotic chromosome is associated with non-histone proteins that can condense the DNA to form a _______

A

nucleoid

59
Q

most species of bacteria (prokaryotes) also contain small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules called _____

A

plasmids

60
Q

carries genetic information, and undergoes replication that may or may not be synchronized to chromosomal division.

A

Plasmid DNA

61
Q

is circular, and this DNA forms supercoils

A

Prokaryotic DNA

62
Q

is analogous twisting or untwisting a rope so that it is torsionally stressed.

A

DNA supercoiling

63
Q

introduces a torsional stress that favors unwinding of the righthanded B-DNA double helix

A

Negative supercoiling

64
Q

introduces a torsional stress that favors overwinding of the righthanded B-DNA double helix

A

positive supercoiling

65
Q

Enzymes that are involved in changing the supercoiled state of DNA

A

TOPOISOMERASE

66
Q

2 TYPES OF TOPOISOMERASE:

cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand of DNA, pass the other end through, and then reseal the backbone.

A

Class I topoisomerases

67
Q

2 TYPES OF TOPOISOMERASE:

cut both strands of DNA, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends, and then reseal.

A

Class II topoisomerase

68
Q

is a bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into DNA.

A

DNA gyrase

69
Q

The principal proteins in chromatin are the _____, of which there are five main types, called H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

A

histones

70
Q

DNA is tightly bound to all the types of histone except ____

A

H1

71
Q

In electron micrographs, chromatin resembles beads on a string. This appearance reflects the molecular composition of the protein–DNA complex. Each “bead” is a ______, consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone core.

A

nucleosome

72
Q

a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic nuclei

A

chromatin

73
Q

basic proteins found complexed to eukaryotic DNA

A

histones

74
Q

a globular structure in chromatin in which DNA is wrapped around an aggregate of histone molecules

A

nucleosome

75
Q

It is an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins.

A

Chromosomes

76
Q

known as RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Used by retroviruses for reverse transcription

A

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

77
Q

It is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves.

A

DNA replication

78
Q

The point at which the DNA double helix is unwinding, which is constantly changing (moving).

A

REPLICATION FORK

79
Q

The strand that grows continuously

A

LEADING STRAND

80
Q

The strand that is synthesized in small segments

A

LAGGING STRAND

81
Q

short segments, (after their discoverer, Reiji Okazaki), as the DNA unwinds

A

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

82
Q

The breaks or gaps in the daughter strand

A

NICKS

83
Q

influences the unwinding of DNA double helix, and the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken

A

DNA HELICASE

84
Q

verifies that the base pairing is correct and then catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide and the growing strand. Also, recognizes the RNA primer & begins to extend it with DNA.

A

DNA POLYMERASE III

85
Q

synthesizes a short stretches of RNA (~10 nucleotides long) that are completely complementary and antiparallel to the DNA template

A

PRIMASE

86
Q

is RNA that prime (lay down short strand of ribonucleotide) and initiates DNA synthesis.

A

RNA PRIMER

87
Q

It is the main ingredient of replication.

A

RNA primer

88
Q

It is used for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification

A

DNA primer

89
Q

excise (removes) RNA primers from fragments and replace it the required nucleotides.

A

DNA POLYMERASE I

90
Q

connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand (synthesized by DNA pol III) and the deoxyribose group on another (made by DNA pol I)

A

DNA LIGASE

91
Q

It is used in cells to join together the Okazaki fragments which are formed on the lagging strand

A

DNA LIGASE

92
Q

Unwinding the DNA is accomplished by an enzyme named _______

A

DNA helicase

93
Q

Manufacturing new DNA strands is orchestrated by enzymes called ________.

A

polymerases

94
Q

In this pattern, the individual strands of DNA are manufactured in different directions, producing a leading and a lagging strand

A

semi-conservative replication

95
Q

Lagging strands are created by the production of small DNA fragments called _______ that are eventually joined together

A

Okazaki fragments

96
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

It occurs in the cytoplasm

A

PROKARYOTIC

97
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

It occurs inside the nucleus

A

EUKARYOTIC

98
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

There is a single origin of replication

A

PROKARYOTIC

99
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Origin of replication are numerous or multiple

A

EUKARYOTIC

100
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Replication occurs in 2 opposing ends

A

PROKARYOTIC

101
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Uses unidirectional replication

A

EUKARYOTIC

102
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Possess one or 2 types of polymerase

A

PROKARYOTIC

103
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Has 4 or more polymerase (ex. DNA polymerase γ replicates mitochondrial DNA)

A

EUKARYOTIC

104
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

DNA polymerase III carries out both initiation and elongation

A

PROKARYOTIC

105
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Initiation is carried out by DNA polymerase α while elongation by DNA polymerase δ (lagging strand) and ε (leading strand)

A

EUKARYOTIC

106
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

DNA repair and gap filling are done by DNA polymerase I

A

PROKARYOTIC

107
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

DNA repair and gap filling are performed by DNA polymerase β.

A

EUKARYOTIC

108
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Okazaki fragments are large, 1000-2000 nucleotides long

A

PROKARYOTIC

109
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Okazaki fragments are short, 100-200 nucleotides long

A

EUKARYOTIC

110
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Replication is very rapid , some 2000 base pair per second .

A

PROKARYOTIC

111
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Replication is slow, some 100 nucleotides per second

A

EUKARYOTIC

112
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Like bacteria replication occurs at 40 mins

A

PROKARYOTIC

113
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

Animal cells like human at 400hrs

A

EUKARYOTIC

114
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

DNA gyrase is needed

A

PROKARYOTIC

115
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

DNA gyrase is not needed. But also have a distinct process for replicating the telomeres at the ends of their chromosomes

A

EUKARYOTIC

116
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

With their circular chromosomes, they have no ends to synthesize and with short replication, it occurs almost continuously

A

PROKARYOTIC

117
Q

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC:

only undergo DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle.

A

EUKARYOTIC

BIO 024: Biochemistry (16 decks)

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