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bio 024: biochemistry > Nucleic Acid (Module): Part II > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid (Module): Part II Flashcards

1
Q

The period preceding replication is called the _______.

A

G1 phase (Gap1)

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2
Q

DNA replication occurs during the ______.

A

S (synthesis) phase

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3
Q

Following DNA synthesis, there is another period (_______) before mitosis (M).

A

G2 phase, or Gap2

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4
Q

Cells that have stopped dividing, such as mature neurons, are said to have gone out of the cell cycle into the ______

A

G0 phase

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5
Q

Cells can leave the G0 phase and reenter the early _____ to resume division.

A

G1 phase

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6
Q

It is a disease characterized by rapid uncontrolled cell division

A

Cancer

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7
Q

are a class of anticancer drugs that interfere with DNA replication because their structures are similar to molecules required for normal DNA replication.

A

Antimetabolites

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8
Q

It is a structural analog of folic acid (folate). A derivative of folic acid is needed in one of the early steps of nucleotide synthesis.

A

Methotrexate

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9
Q

It inhibits the conversion of folic acid to this needed derivative, which shuts down DNA synthesis

A

Methotrexate

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10
Q

The genetic master plan of an organism is contained in the sequence of deoxyribonucleotides in its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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11
Q

TYPES OF RNA:

formed directly by DNA transcription. Post-transcription processing converts the heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA

A

Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

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12
Q

TYPES OF RNA:

facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA. It contains from 100 to 200 nucleotides.

A

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

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13
Q

TYPES OF RNA:

carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein synthesis.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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14
Q

TYPES OF RNA:

combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes, the physical sites for protein synthesis. Most abundant type of RNA in a cell (75% to 80% by mass).

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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15
Q

TYPES OF RNA:

delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis. Are the smallest of the RNAs, possessing only 75–90 nucleotide units.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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16
Q

is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of hnRNA/mRNA molecules that carry the coded information needed for protein synthesis

A

Transcription

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17
Q

A short segment of a DNA strand so transcribed, which contains instructions for the formation of a particular hnRNA/mRNA, is called a ________

A

gene

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18
Q

It is a segment of a DNA strand that contains the base sequence for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule.

A

gene

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19
Q

It is all of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism.

A

genome

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20
Q

The strand of DNA used for hnRNA/mRNA synthesis

A

TEMPLATE STRAND

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21
Q

The other DNA strand, although not involved in RNA synthesis, gives the base sequence present in the hnRNA strand being synthesized (with the exception of U replacing T).

A

INFORMATIONAL STRAND

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22
Q

is a gene segment that conveys (codes for) genetic information

A

EXON

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23
Q

is a gene segment that does NOT conveys (codes for) genetic information

A

INTRON

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24
Q

is the process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule

A

SPLICING

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25
Q

is the process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule.

A

snRNPs (Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle )
“snurps”

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26
Q

is a large assembly of snRNA molecules and proteins involved in the conversion of hnRNA molecules to mRNA molecules

A

SPLICEOSOMES

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27
Q

is a process by which several different proteins that are variations of a basic structural motif can be produced from a single gene

A

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING

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28
Q

is all of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome.

A

TRANSCRIPTOME

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29
Q

is the assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)

A

genetic code

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30
Q

is a three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

A

codon

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31
Q

is the process by which mRNA codons are deciphered and a particular protein molecule is synthesized. The substances needed for this phase of protein synthesis are mRNA molecules, tRNA molecules, amino acids, ribosomes, and a number of different enzymes

A

Translation

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32
Q

is an rRNA–protein complex that serves as the site for the translation phase of protein synthesis.

A

ribosome

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33
Q

What are the five general steps to the translation process:

A

(1) activation of tRNA
(2) initiation
(3) elongation
(4) termination and
(5) post-translational processing.

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34
Q

part of translation where the ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base position (codon) so that a new occupy the ribosomal subunit.

A

Translocation

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35
Q

What Translation process is this:

An amino acid interacts with ATP to become highly energized. It then form a covalent bond with the 3’ end of a tRNA molecule. Amino acid-tRNA pairing is governed by enzymes

A

Step 1: Activation of tRNA

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36
Q

What Translation process is this:

The mRNA attached to a ribosome so that the first codon (AUG) is at the P site. A tRNA carrying methionine attached to the first codon.

A

Step 2: Initiation

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37
Q

What Translation process is this:

Another tRNA with the second amino acid binds at the A site. The methionine transfers from the P site to the A site. The ribosome shifts to the next codon, making its A site available for the tRNA carrying the third amino acid.

A

Step 3: Elongation

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38
Q

What Translation process is this:

The polypeptide chain continues to lengthen until a stop codon appears on the mRNA. The new protein is cleaved from the last tRNA.

A

Step 4: Termination

39
Q

What Translation process is this:

During this phase, cleavage of Met (the initiation codon) usually occurs. S-S bonds between Cys units also can form.

A

Step 5: Post-Translation Processing

39
Q

What Translation process is this:

During this phase, cleavage of Met (the initiation codon) usually occurs. S-S bonds between Cys units also can form.

A

Step 5: Post-Translation Processing

40
Q

The initiator codon in bacteria.

A

N-formylmethionine

41
Q

The initiator codon in human cells.

A

methionine

42
Q

binds to the larger bacterial ribosome subunit, blocking the exit of a growing peptide chain.

A

Erythromycin

43
Q

blocks the A-site location on the ribosome, preventing the attachment of amino-acid carrying tRNAs.

A

Terramycin

44
Q

binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit causing a shape change, which in turn causes a misreading of mRNA information

A

Streptomycin

45
Q

binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit in a manner similar to streptomycin.

A

Neomycin

46
Q

binds to the ribosome and interferes with the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

A

Chloramphenicol

47
Q

is an error in base sequence in a gene that is reproduced during DNA replication. Such errors alter the genetic information that is passed on during transcription. The altered information can cause changes in amino acid sequence during protein synthesis

A

Mutation

48
Q

is a substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene. Ex. Ultraviolet light

A

Mutagen

49
Q

is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

A

GENE or DNA MUTATION

50
Q

are alterations that affect whole chromosomes and whole genes rather than just individual nucleotides

A

CHROMOSOME MUTATION

51
Q

is a mutation in which one base in a DNA base sequence is replaced with another base

A

Point mutation

52
Q

One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand

A

Substitution

53
Q

POINT MUTATIONS:

code for the same amino acid (a “synonymous substitution”). It does not affect the functioning of the protein. A single nucleotide can change, but the new codon specifies the same amino acid, resulting in an unmutated protein.

A

SILENT MUTATION

54
Q

POINT MUTATIONS:

When a base substitution results in a stop codon ultimately truncating translation and most likely leading to a nonfunctional protein. Ex. Lys (AAG) to UAG (stop codon)

A

NONSENSE MUTATION

55
Q

POINT MUTATIONS:

This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.

A

MISSENSE MUTATION

56
Q

POINT MUTATIONS:

Result in an amino acid change. However, the properties of the amino acid remain the same Ex. Lys (polar basic) to Arg (polar basic)

A

CONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE

57
Q

POINT MUTATIONS:

Result in an amino acid change that has different properties than the wild type. The protein may lose its function, which can result in a disease in the organism. Ex. Lys (polar basic) to Thr (Polar neutral)

A

NONCONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE

58
Q

a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a molecule base sequence. This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene’s reading frame

A

Frameshift mutation

59
Q

One or more extra nucleotides are inserted or added into the replicating DNA, often resulting in frameshift. As a result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.

A

INSERTION

60
Q

Changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s)

A

DELETION

61
Q

CHROMOSOME MUTATION:

A region of a chromosome is lost, resulting in the absence of all the genes in that area

A

DELETION

62
Q

CHROMOSOME MUTATION:

A region from one chromosome is aberrantly attached to another chromosome

A

TRANSLOCATION

63
Q

CHROMOSOME MUTATION:

A region of a chromosome is repeated, resulting in an increase in dosage from the genes in that region

A

DUPLICATION

64
Q

CHROMOSOME MUTATION:

One region of a chromosome is
flipped and reinserted

A

INVERSION

65
Q

is a type of DNA form from genetic engineering procedure that contains genetic material from two different organism that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

A

rDNA or recombinant DNA

66
Q

Is a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence

A

polymerase chain reaction

67
Q

Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction:

When the double-stranded template DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands.

A

Denaturing

68
Q

Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction:

When the temperature is lowered to enable the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA.

A

Annealing

69
Q

Three main stages of Polymerase chain reaction:

When the temperature is raised and the new strand of DNA is made by the Taq polymerase enzyme.

A

Extending

70
Q

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves.

A

DNA replication

71
Q

is an unbranched polymer containing the monomer units called nucleotides

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

72
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Deoxyribonucleic acids

A

DNA

73
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Ribose

A

RNA

74
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Single stranded

A

RNA

75
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Guanine

A

BOTH

76
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Adenine

A

BOTH

77
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Nucleus

A

DNA

78
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Genetic blueprint

A

DNA

78
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Cytosine

A

BOTH

79
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Uracil

A

RNA

80
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Thymine

A

DNA

81
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Ribonucleic acids

A

RNA

82
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Double stranded

A

DNA

83
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Nucleolus

A

RNA

84
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Protein synthesis

A

RNA

85
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Long strand

A

DNA

86
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Short strand

A

RNA

87
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Phosphate

A

BOTH

88
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Nucleotides

A

BOTH

89
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Deoxyribose

A

DNA

90
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Cytoplasm

A

RNA

91
Q

DNA, RNA OR BOTH:

Copy the genetic blueprint for transcription

A

RNA

bio 024: biochemistry (16 decks)

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