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A Level Biology > 12.2 Animal and Plant Diseases > Flashcards

12.2 Animal and Plant Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What type of disease is Ring rot ?

A

Bacterial

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2
Q

What plants does ring rot affect ?

A

Potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines

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3
Q

What is ring rot caused by ?

A

Gram positive bacterium

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4
Q

What is the cure for ring rot ?

A

No cure discovered yet

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5
Q

What does ring rot damage ?

A

Leaves , tubers and fruit

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6
Q

What happens to a field once it has been infected by Ring Rot ?

A

cannot be used to grow potatoes, tomatoes or aubergines for at least two years

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7
Q

What type of pathogen causes ring rot ?

A

A bacterium

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8
Q

What type of disease is TMV ?

A

Virus

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9
Q

What does TMV infect ?

A

Tobacco plants and 150 other species

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10
Q

How is TMV prevented and cured ?

A
  • resistant crop strains can prevent it
  • there is no cure
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11
Q

What is the mechanism of TMV ?

A
  • damages leaves, flowers and fruit
  • stunting growth and reducing yield
  • leads to almost total crop loss
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12
Q

What is potato blight caused by ?

A

A fungus like protoctistia called oomycete

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13
Q

How is potato blight prevented and cured ?

A
  • no cure
  • can be prevented via use of resistant strains
  • careful management and chemical treatments
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14
Q

What is the mechanism of potato late blight ?

A
  • hyphae penetrate host cells and destroy leaves, tubers and fruit
  • leading to millions of pounds of crop damage per year
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15
Q

What type of pathogen causes black Sigatoka ?

A

Fungus

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16
Q

What type of plant does black Sigatoka affect ?

A

Bananas

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17
Q

What part of the plant does black Sigatoka affect ?

A

The leaves

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of black Sigatoka ?

A
  • hyphae penetrate and digest cells
  • turning leaves black
  • can cause 50% reduction in yield of infected plants
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19
Q

How is black Sigatoka cured and prevented ?

A
  • no cure
  • resistant strains being developed and good husbandry and fungicide treatment can control the spread of the disease
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20
Q

What organisms does tuberculosis affect ?

A

Humans, cows ,pigs, badgers and deer

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21
Q

What type of pathogen is tuberculosis caused by ?

A

Bacteria

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22
Q

Perplexed suffering from what other disease are more prone to TB ?

A

HIV/aids

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23
Q

How is TB cured and prevented ?

A
  • cured with antibiotics
  • prevented by vaccination or better living standards
24
Q

How is TB spread in humans ?

A

Droplet infection

25
Q

What is the mechanism of TB ?

A
  • damages and destroys lung tissue and suppresses the immune system
  • so that the body is less able to fight off other diseases
26
Q

How is bacterial meningitis spread ?

A

By droplet infection

27
Q

How is bacterial meningitis cured and prevented ?

A
  • curable with antibiotics if administered early
  • vaccination can protect against some forms
28
Q

What are the mechanism and symptoms of bacterial meningitis ?

A
  • infection of meninges ( protective membranes on brain surface ) which can spread to the rest of the body and cause fatal septicaemia
  • symptoms include = blotchy red/ purple rash that does not disappear when a glass is pressed against it is a symptom and immediate medical treatment is required
29
Q

Who are the main groups affected by bacterial meningitis ?

A

Young children and 15-19 year olds

30
Q

What type of virus is HIV/AIDS ?

A

A retrovirus

31
Q

What is the mechanism of the HIV virus ?

A
  • attacks T helper cells
  • which gradually destroys the immune system and leaves sufferers vulnerable to secondary infection
32
Q

How does a retrovirus ?

A
  • a virus that is composed of RNA not DNA
  • retroviruses have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that gives them the unique property of transcribing their RNA into DNA after entering a cell
  • the retroviral DNA can then integrate into the chromosomal DNA of the host cell to be expressed there
33
Q

What animals does HIV/ aids affect ?

A

Humans and some other primates

34
Q

How is HIV spread ?

A
  • passed between people via infected bodily fluids
  • unprotected sex
  • shared needles
  • contaminated blood
  • mother to baby through breastfeeding or pregnancy
35
Q

What is FGM ?

  • female genital mutilation*
A
  • traditional practice
  • increases the infection rate if the same equipment is used multiple times then this can spread the infection
  • women who have undergone FGM are more vulnerable to infection during intercourse
36
Q

How is HIV cured ?

A
  • no vaccine or cure
  • antiretroviral drugs can slow its progress
37
Q

What animals does influenza affect ?

A

Mammals and birds

38
Q

What is the mechanism of influenza ?

A
  • infects ciliated epithelial cells in the gas exchange system
  • killing them and leaving the airways vulnerable to secondary infections
  • such as bacterial pneumonia
39
Q

What are the 3 types of influenza and which is most virulent ?

A

A,B,C with A being most virulent

40
Q

Why is a vaccine made each year for flu ?

A
  • flu viruses undergo small regular mutations
  • their surface antigens are constantly being reshuffled
41
Q

Is there a cure for flu ?

A

No

42
Q

What is zoonosis and give a example of something that it does ?

A
  • where a disease can spread from animals to humans
  • eg. Influenza
43
Q

What age groups can the flu be fatal too ?

A
  • young children
  • old periphery with chronic illnesses
44
Q

What cause Malaria ?

A
  • several species of protoctista from the genus plasmodium
  • most common being plasmodium falciparum
  • it is spread by the bite of a female anopheles mosquito
45
Q

What is the mechanism of Malaria ?

A
  • infects red blood cells, liver , brain
  • disease recurs making people weak and vulnerable to secondary infection
46
Q

What is the cure for malaria ?

A
  • no vaccine
  • limited cures
47
Q

What 2 reasons can make malaria difficult to treat ?

A
  • protoctista hides inside red blood cells
  • caused by several different species so surface antigens may be different
48
Q

What are some preventive measures that can be taken ?

A
  • anopheles mosquitoes can be destroyed by insecticides
  • mosquitoes reproduce in areas of still water so you can drain these sites
  • mosquitoes can be destroyed by insecticides
  • mosquito nets
  • window and door screens
  • long sleeved clothing
49
Q

What causes ring worm ?

A

Fungi

50
Q

What mammals can ringworm affect ?

A

Cattle, dogs , cats and humans

51
Q

What are the symptoms of ringworm ?

A
  • grey - white crusty infections circular area of skin
  • it is not damaging but looks unsightly and may be itchy
52
Q

What is a cure for ring worm ?

A

Anti-fungal creams

53
Q

What causes athlete foot ?

A

Human fungal disease caused by tinia Pedia

54
Q

What is Tinia pedia ?

A

A form of human ring worm that grows on and digests the warm, moist skin between the toes

55
Q

What does tinia pedia cause ?

A
  • cracking & scaling
  • can become itchy and sore
56
Q

What is a cure for athletes foot ?

A

Anti-fungal creams

A Level Biology (54 decks)

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