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A Level Biology > 8.3 - Blood,tissue Fluid Amd Lymph > Flashcards

8.3 - Blood,tissue Fluid Amd Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood consist of ?

A

55% plasma
40% water
5% RBC

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2
Q

What does the plasma do in the blood ?

A

Carries a wide variety of red blood cells , white blood cells and other components such as dissolved glucose,amino acids, mineral ions , hormones and large plasma proteins

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3
Q

What does blood transport ?

A
  • O2 in and CO2 from the respiring cells
  • digested food from the small intestine
  • nitrogenous waste products from the cells to the excretory organs
  • chemical messages ( hormones )
  • food molecules from storage compounds to the cells that need them
  • platelets to damaged areas
  • cells and antibodies involved in the immune response
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4
Q

What other things does the blood contribute too

A
  • maintenance of a steady body temperature
  • acts as a buffer minimising pH changes
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5
Q

What does having a positive pressure mean ?

A

Moving out of the blood

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6
Q

What does having a negative pressure mean ?

A

Moving into the blood

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7
Q

Name a plasma protein

A

Albumin

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8
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid eg. Blood

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9
Q

Define oncotic pressure

A
  • This is the osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins within a blood vessel it usually pulls water into the circulatory system
  • tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis
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10
Q

What does how much liquid leaves the plasma to form tissue fluid depend on ?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure
  • oncotic pressure
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11
Q

How is tissue formed ?

A
  • blood flows into the capillary at high hydrostatic pressure in the arteriole end
  • high pressure forces fluid through the gaps in the cells of the capillary where nutrients and oxygen dissolve into it
  • this fluid with the dissolved oxygen and nutrients seep in between the cells of the tissue = tissue fluid
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12
Q

How does fluid return to the blood ?

A
  • the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is pushed back my the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid which pushes the fluid back into the capillaries
  • the water potential of the tissue fluid is higher than the blood
  • therefore water moves back into the blood from the fluid by osmosis
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13
Q

Where do substances that are dissolved in plasma pass through ?

A

Fenestrations In the capillary walls except large plasma proteins

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14
Q

What is the osmotic effect ?

A

Gives the blood in the capillaries a relatively high solute potential and relatively low water potential compared with the surrounding fluid

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15
Q

How many KPa is oncotic pressure ?

A

-3.3 KPa

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16
Q

Explain what happens as blood flows through arterioles

A
  • Blood flows through the arterioles into the capillaries
  • still under pressure from the surge of blood that occurs every time the heart contracts = hydrostatic pressure
17
Q

What occurs at the arterial end of the capillary ?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure forces the fluid out of the capillaries is relatively high
  • higher than the oncotic pressure attracting water in by osmosis = fluid is squeezed out of the capillaries
  • this fluid fills the spaces between the cells and is called tissue fluid
18
Q

What does tissue fluid have the same composition of ?

A

Plasma but without RBC and plasma proteins

19
Q

What happens when the blood travels towards the venous end ?

A
  • balance of forces change
  • hydrostatic pressure falls to around 2.3KPa in the vessels as fluid has moved out and the pulse is completely lost
  • oncotic pressure is still -3.3KPa —> no stronger than the hydrostatic pressure
  • water moves back into the capillaries by osmosis as it reaches the venous end
20
Q

How much of the tissue fluid is reabsorbed back into the blood ?

A

90%

21
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in KPa ?

A

4.6 KPa

22
Q

What is filtration pressure ?

A

Filtration pressure = hydrostatic pressure - oncotic pressure

23
Q

How is lymph formed ?

A
  • formed when intercostal fluid comes into contact with the blood
  • most fluid leaves the blood vessels and goes into the tissue fluid
  • but some goes into the blood vessels whilst the rest enters the lymphatic system
  • where it is transported to the veins to mix with the blood and become lymph
24
Q

How is the fluid transported through the lymph capillaries ?

A

By squeezing of the body muscles

25
Q

What prevents the back flow of lymph ?

A

Valves

26
Q

What occurs in the lymph nodes ?

A
  • lymphocytes build up in the lymph node when necessary to produce antibodies —> which are then passed into the blood
  • lymph nodes intercept bacteria and other debris from the lymph which are ingested by phagocytes found in the nodes
27
Q

What are enlarged nodes a sign of ?

A

That the body is fighting off an invading pathogen

28
Q

Where do doctors often Examine as they are key sites of some major lymph nodes ?

A

Neck
Armpits
Stomach
Groin

29
Q

How is a lymphatic system formed ?

A

Lymph capillaries connect into larger lymph vessels

30
Q

Why is a water potential gradient formed ?

A
  • proteins remain in the blood as they are too large to pass through the pores in the capillary walls
  • increased protein content creates a water potential gradient between the capillary and the tissue fluid
31
Q

What is oedema ?

A
  • If blood pressure is high ( hypertension ) then the pressure at the arterial end is even greater
  • this pushes more fluid out of the capillary and fluid begins to accumulate around the tissues
32
Q

Describe three ways In which the composition of tissue fluid is different to the composition of plasma

A

In plasma there is :
- higher concentration of glucose
- higher concentration of fatty acids and glycerol
- higher concentration of amino acid’s
- lower water potential

In tissue fluid there is :

  • higher concentration of the substances secreted by cells eg. Insulin
33
Q

State a difference between tissue fluid and blood

A

Tissue fluid does not contain plasma proteins such as ALBUMIN as they’re too large to pass through the capillary walls

34
Q

State the effect of water potential of the blood if the concentration of glucose increases

A

Water potential decreases

35
Q

Explain why the oncotic pressure of the blood depends only on the concentration of large plasma proteins

A
  • large plasma proteins cannot pass out through the capillary walls and leave the blood but other solutes are able to
  • an imbalance of large plasma proteins between the blood and tissue fluid results in oncotic pressure
36
Q

Is this statement true or false

Lymph is similar in composition to tissue fluid but has more oxygen

A

False

37
Q

Is this statement true or false

Tissue fluid does not contain lymphocytes because they are too large to pass through the capillary wall

A

False

38
Q

Is this statement true or false

Lymph contains more protein than tissue fluid because of antibody production by plasma cells

A

True

A Level Biology (54 decks)

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