Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psy 102 > lecture 6- learning > Flashcards

lecture 6- learning Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

change in thought or behavior due to experience, study or practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

brain plasticity

A
  • brain changes while learning
  • neurons change how they connect and how they interact with each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

habituation

A

responses to the same stimulus decreases over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

aplysia example

A

a sea slug that has gills that are sensitive to stimuli retracts every time it sees a certain stimuli. scientist repeatedly show this stimulus and over time the slug does not retract its gill because it becomes used to that stimulus
- shows how brain plasticity is important (neurons changes to become habituated to certain stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning process where two stimuli are repeatedly paired: an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus
- form of unconscious learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pavlov’s experiment

A

every-time he gave a dog food, he played a sound. the dogs salivated when he got food. so over time when he played sound but didn’t give food, the dog still salivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

produces a reflexive/automatic response
- ex: dog food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

unconditioned response

A

natural/automatic reaction
- ex: saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

originally neutral stimulus (CS)
- ex: sound or metronome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

a natural reaction that occurs due to the CS
- ex: saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

little albert example

A

john watson would give a baby a white rat to play with and play a loud sound at the same time. The baby became scared of this rat along with other small animals.
- originally he was not scared of the rat but because he then associated it with a loud noise he was scared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stages of classical conditioning

A
  1. Acquisition
  2. extinction
  3. spontaneous recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acquisition

A
  • initial learning phase
  • depends on frequency and timing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

effect of frequency in conditioning

A
  • frequency refers to how often the CS is paired with the US
  • pairing more often, increases strength of condition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

effect of timing on conditioning

A
  • timing refers to the of time between the CS and the US
  • longer duration between the two stiumulus is less effective
  • ringing a bell ten minutes after feeding the dog will not be as effective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

extinction

A
  • elimination of CR
  • when the CS is unpaired with the US, it is possible that this condition response can be reversed
  • can unlearn conditions
17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A
  • after a condition is unlearned it can randomly be remembered
  • sudden emergence of CR after extinction
18
Q

stimulus generalization

A

a stimuli that is similar to the conditioned stimuli can elicit the same conditioned response
- ex: dog will salivate to both doorbell and bell

19
Q

stimulus discrimination

A
  • conditioned response is only specific to one stimulus, but not others
  • this is effective learning
  • dog will only salivate to the ringing of a bell, not other noises
  • generalized and discrimination can occur at the same time (dog can salivate to a doorbell but not clock chimes)
20
Q

operant conditioning

A

associate a voluntary behavior and a consequence
- learning controlled by consequences and rewards
- El thorndike
- behavior results in good consequences –> more likely to increase that behavior

21
Q

reinforcement

A

way of increasing behavior that we want
- reinforce positive behavior by taking a way something like chore (negative) or giving something like a present (positive)

22
Q

punishment

A
  • opposite of reinforcement
  • want to decrease a behavior
  • can be done b giving a stimulus like yelling (positive) or taking something away like video games (negative)
23
Q

difference between punishemnt and reinforcement

A
  • depends on the respones: whether or not we want a certain behavior to increase or decrease
  • reinforcement: want to increase a behaviour
  • punishment: want to decrease a behaviour
24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking something away in order to increase a behaviour
- ex: taking away chores to reward a child

25
Q

positive reinforcement

A
  • adding a stimulus so a child continues a behaviour
  • giving video game time to increase good behaviour
26
Q

negative punishment

A
  • taking away a stimulus to decrease behaviour
  • ex: take away video so child stops misbehaving
27
Q

positive punishment

A
  • adding a stimulus so child stops misbehaving
  • yelling or giving a fine so that bad behaviour stops
28
Q

difference between operant and classical conditioning

A

classical is automatic, not voluntary behavior
operant is a choice, choosing to do something because of the consequences

29
Q

latent learning

A
  • Edward Tolman
  • subconscious learning without reinforcement or motivation
  • can learn by watching
  • not directly observable
30
Q

competence vs performance

A

competence: what we know
performance: what we show we know

31
Q

observational learning

A
  • learn by watching people
  • ex: booboo doll experiment
  • children learn by watching models (peer or parents doing things)
32
Q

booboo doll experiment

A

children watched an adult repeatedly hit a booboo doll (doll that always stand up straight)
children then were put in a room alone with the doll and also began to hit it and even became more aggressive with it (used toy guns)
- children who watched an adult drink tea with the doll, aslo played nice with it when alone with the doll

33
Q

4 parts of observational learning

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. initiation
  4. motivation
34
Q

Attention

A

in order to learn, children must be paying attention to model

35
Q

retention

A

must be able to remember what the model did in order to imitate that models behavior

36
Q

initiation/reproduction

A

must have the capacity/ability/skill for imitating behavior
- ex: can watch lots of soccer, doesnt mean that you will be able to be as good as the pros

37
Q

motivation

A

must have motivation to imitate behavior
- need the opportunity to imitate and have to want to do it (shows importance of rewards)

38
Q

law of effect

A

learning is controlled by consequence
- el thorndike
- reinforcement
- good behavior will increase with good consequences

psy 102 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions