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psy 102 > lecture 7- memory > Flashcards

lecture 7- memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

retention of information over time
- it has different abilities, not just one thing
- memory is reconstructed not reproduced

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2
Q

3 systems of memory

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. short-term
  3. long-term
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3
Q

span

A
  • capacity
  • sensory memory is imprinted on the brain and some info can get lost
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4
Q

duration

A

how long memories last for

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5
Q

sensory memory

A
  • holds sensory information
  • each sense has its own system (echoic and iconic)
  • allows for perceptual processing
  • span: capacity is very large
  • duration: very short
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6
Q

iconic memory

A
  • vision
  • half a second duration
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7
Q

echoic memory

A

hearing
duration of 2-4 seconds

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8
Q

short term memory

A
  • hold info temporarily in your mind- duration: about 20-30 seconds
    capacity: limited to 5-9 items
  • working memory
  • in prefrontal cortex
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9
Q

decay

A

memories decay over time
- trying to remember a long list of numbers will become more difficult with time
- other info in your mind that interferes

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10
Q

long term memory

A
  • information acquired over a lifespan
  • duration: perhaps unlimited
  • span: perhaps unlimited
  • different types are explicit and implicit
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11
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A
  • consciously recalled
  • ability to declare/express memories
  • two kinds: episodic and semantic
  • coded in hippocampus
  • formed in entire cortex
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12
Q

episodic

A

remebering thing that we have actively lived through
- events of our life
- explcit

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13
Q

semantic

A
  • facts and concepts that we have learned in our lives
  • ex: knowing world capitals, or sin
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14
Q

implicit memories

A
  • do not require conscious thought
  • includes: procedural and priming
    p formed in cerebellum
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15
Q

procedural

A

habits and how we do things
- playing instruments, brushing teeth..
- things that you do that you are not consciously thinking about
- implicit

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16
Q

priming

A
  • exposure to stimulus influences future responses
  • ex: subliminal messages
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17
Q

primacy

A

remembering things at the beginning of a list
- could be because of long term memory

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18
Q

recency

A

remembering things that appear at the end of a list
- could be because of short term memory

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19
Q

3 memory processes

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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20
Q

encoding

A

getting things into memory
- shows the importance of attention
- can only encode if you are paying attention
- could also use mnemonics to enhance later recall

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21
Q

storage

A
  • keeping things in memory
  • engrams and consolidation
22
Q

engram

A
  • physical substrate for memory
  • structural and functional changes in our CNS as a result of experience
  • physical changes in brain as a result of experience
23
Q

consolidation

A
  • process of stabilizing memories
  • attaches engrams to long term memory
  • stabilizes memory traces
24
Q

schemas

A
  • mental models or knowledge structures
  • have schemas for behaviors or how to do things
  • they are subject to change
  • ex: knowing how to use a computer even if we dont remeber every other one that weve seen
  • frames of reference for interpreting new situations
25
Q

retrieval

A

reactivation or reconstruction of memories from storage

26
Q

recall

A

generating remembered information on your own

27
Q

recognition

A

selecting previously remembered information from several options
- multiple choice tests

28
Q

retrieval cues

A

hints that make it easy to recall information

29
Q

context dependent memory:

A

best when physical or external context is similar between encoding and retrieving
- encoding underwater will lead to easier recall underwater but harder recall on land

30
Q

encoding

A
  • context-dependent
  • state dependent
  • modd dependent
31
Q

state dependent

A

match integral/mental concepts between encoding and retrieving
- specific to your mental state
- encoding when durnk will lead to better recall when also drunk

32
Q

mood dependent memory

A

match in mood between encoding and retrieving
- if your in a negative mood you are more likely to remeber negative things

33
Q

karl lashley experiements

A
  • tried to find where engrams are stored
  • he trained rats to run mazes and made lesions in their brain to see if they would forget things
  • didnt find one spot
  • instead he realized it not where he destroys but how much he does
  • memories are distributed across the cerebral cortex
34
Q

donald hubb

A
  • neurons that fire together wire together
  • neurons that are activated at the same time become associated
35
Q

long term potentiation

A
  • strengthening connections between 2 neurons after they are both activated
36
Q

long term depression

A
  • weakening of connections after either low or no activation between them
  • neurons that arent firing at the same time become dissociated and their synapsis weaken
37
Q

LTP and LTD on synapse

A
  • neurons that fire together lead to an increase in vesicles containing NTs and more recpetors in the postsynaptic dendrite
  • stronger synapse: more vesicles and more receptors
  • memories are neurons with different strengths of connection
38
Q

hippocampus

A
  • temporal lobe
  • memory index
  • codes explicit memories
  • forming new memories
39
Q

synaptic theory of memory

A

memories as relative weight s(connection strengths) between neurons

40
Q

synaptic theory of memory

A

memories as relative weight s(connection strengths) between neurons

41
Q

cerebellum

A

related to implicit memories

42
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

semantic memory
- short term memory

43
Q

entire cortex

A
  • forms explicit memory
44
Q

H.M and his amnesia

A
  • had a part of his brain removed and it gavehim amnesia
45
Q

amnesia

A
  • loss or disorder of memory
    can be anterograde or retrogade
46
Q

anterogade amneisia

A
  • inability to form new memories
47
Q

retrogade amneisa

A

cant access old memories

48
Q

H.M’s learning task

A

he was asked to draw shapes by only looking in the mirror
- made lots of mistakes the first time he did it but the next day when he forget he had already done it he still made less mistakes
- his errors decreased over time depsite his innability to make new memories
- still has muscle memory (implicit)

49
Q

Misinformation effect

A
  • elizabeth loftus
  • creating fictious memories by providing misleading information after the event takes places
  • can be influenced by verbs (watching a car accident and then using verbs like crash, or hit makes people recall the event as more serious)
  • use this in courts to get specific answers
50
Q

problems with eyewitness testimonies

A
  • not reliable since memories can become false representations of reality
  • can become less accurate the longer they wait after the crime
  • less accurate when accused is a different race
  • not reliable
51
Q

flashbulb memories

A

vivid and detailed memories
- people remembering exactly where they were when big events happened (9/11, assasination of JFK)

52
Q

Neisser and Harsch study

A
  • asked people about their experiences seeing the space challenger after it happened.
  • two years later thye asked again and peoples answer had changed dramatically
  • people’s stories change fundamentally even when they are confident in their memories

psy 102 (8 decks)

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