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psy 102 > lecture 8 - language and problem solving > Flashcards

lecture 8 - language and problem solving Flashcards

1
Q

langauge

A

communication system that relies on patterns and rules of symbols
- not just spoken but also visual (reading lips)

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2
Q

arbitrariness

A

symbols don’t always match what were reffering to.
- doesnt actually tell you anything about something
exceptions: onomatopias (crash sounds like what it is)

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3
Q

purpose of language

A

to convey info, socialize, emotion and art

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4
Q

language levels

A
  1. phonemes
  2. morphemes
  3. syntax
  4. extralinguistic
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5
Q

phonemes

A
  • smallest unit of sounds
  • english has like 40-45
  • individual sounds that if put together, make words
  • ex: th, ai, s, t, oi, igh, ng
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6
Q

morphemes

A
  • smallest units of meaning
  • combination of phonemes
  • sometimes single phonemes
    ex: cat + s cats (cat is one and
    ex: playing = play and ing (play, replay, playing)
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7
Q

syntax

A

set of rules to construct sentences
- ex: verb + object
= the boy eats apples
- not: apple the eat boy

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8
Q

extralinguistic information

A

non-verbal and context cues that add meaning to language
- body language, voice tone, context
- ex: i am refusing this date - could mean a variety of things, you need more context

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9
Q

dialect

A

language variations used by a group of people who share geographic proximity of ethnic background
ex: saying camp vs chalte vs cabin vs cottage

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10
Q

opposing views on language

A
  1. noam chomsky: language is biologically determined
  2. skinner: language through operant conditioning
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11
Q

critical period for language

A

small window of time where we are more likely to learn language.
- maximized in like first 5-6 years of life

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12
Q

language stages

A
  1. prenatal
  2. babbling
  3. comprehend vs production
  4. first words
  5. telegraphic speech
  6. conversations
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13
Q

prenatal

A
  • preference for mother voice
  • fetus is able to distinguish mother’s voice from others
  • can also recognize specific song/stories from the womb
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14
Q

babbling

A
  • produce and repeat single syllabi
  • practice motor movements by babbling
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15
Q

comprehend vs production

A
  • understand language before we can speak it
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16
Q

first words

A
  • 1 year to 18 months
  • holophrase: single word phrases making full thoight (up, more, go)
17
Q

telegraphic speech

A
  • simple sentences
  • “me up”
  • over generalization because they take patterns that they know from language, but they dont know exeptions
  • ex: goed vs went
18
Q

language cognition

A

language involves:
- sensation and perception
- learning and action
- attention and memory
- decision making and problem solving
- social and emotional regulation

19
Q

sapir-whorf hypothesis

A
  • language can influence or determines our thoughts and behaviours
  • hard to test theory
  • ## russians are can recall memories from russia better when speaking russian rather than english
20
Q

cognitive economy

A

resources allocated to thinking and decision making
- ex: using less brain power for less important decisions

21
Q

heuristics

A
  • mental shortcuts we use to simplify decisions
  • cant use simple heuristic for bigger decisions that need more planning
  • ex: when climbing a mountain heuristic way would be tpo just go striaght up but you should probs take a map so you dont die
22
Q

oversimplification

A
  • relying on heuristics can become dangerous
23
Q

sytems 1 of thinking

A
  • tversky and kahneman
  • fast decision making
  • snap judgements / autopilot
  • requires less energy
  • quick reactions
  • first impressions
  • simple associations
    ex: knowing that paris is associated with france, making a disgust face after something gross, understanding someones tone
24
Q

system 2 of thinking

A

slow and analytical thinking
- require energy
- focused searching
- looking for mistakes
- staying calm and collected when mad
- works with system 1
- overcomes biases and heuristics

25
Q

representative heuristics (base rates)

A
  • base rate: how common something is
  • expect to get into harvard but doesnt - goes against base rate that thye had
  • ## ex: is a quiest man more likely to be a farmer or librarian? = farmer because thats a more common job
26
Q

availability heuristics

A
  • we estimate the likelihood of occurence based on how available info is to us
  • perceived importance of an issue related with the ease of memory retrieval
  • ex: more scared of lying than driving because we hear about planes crashes more
27
Q

hindsight bias

A

overestimating how well we would have predicted something after it occurred
- “hindsight 20/20
- “i knew it all along”
- when a plot and you say you guessed it

28
Q

framing

A

how information is presented affects decisions
- ex: more likely to buy from a raffle vendor that says there a 1 in 5 chance of winning instead of there an 80% chance of losing

29
Q

obstacles for problem solving

A
  1. distraction by irrelevant info
  2. mental sets
  3. functional fixedness
30
Q

distractions by irrelevant information

A
  • bombarding people with information that is not relevant can affect problem solving skills
  • can be used as a marketing strategy to exhaust consumers with complec info
  • ex: apples question
31
Q

mental sets

A
  • getting caught up in a particular problem solving strategy
  • ex: thers a problem on you computer and you reset it cause thats what you usually do but it doesnt work and you dont think to try anything else
32
Q

functional fixedness

A
  • difficulty understanding that an object can be used for something which it was not intended
  • ex: candle and thumbtack example
33
Q

problem solving strategies

A
  1. trial and error
  2. algorithm
  3. divide and conquer
  4. insight
    5.means-end analysis
34
Q

trial and error

A

continue to try different solutions until probelm is solved
ex: phone isnt working so you try uninstalling apps, restarting it, turning it off until something wroks

35
Q

algorithm

A

step by step problem solving formula
- ex: recipe or set of instructions (ikea furniture)

36
Q

divide and conquer

A

break down large complex problems into smaller more manageable problems
- apply the same approach for each division
ex: long math problems (ex: doing additions first)

37
Q

insight

A

sudden recognition of a solution to a problem
- a-ha moment

38
Q

means-end analysis

A

choosing and modifying actions in a series of smaller steps to meet a larger known goal
- ex: goal to do well in the semester, so you break down all the assignments and use different strategies for them all
- ex: tower of hanoi (or bubble sort)

psy 102 (8 decks)

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