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Anatomy > Chapter 12: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

3 nervous system functions

A

sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body; processes and interprets sensory input; dictates a response by activating effector organs

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord; integration and command center

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

nerves extending from brain and spinal cord; link all regions of body to CNS

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4
Q

sensory

A

afferent signals picked up by sensory receptors; carried by nerve fibers of PNS to CNS

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5
Q

motor

A

efferent signals carried away from the CNS; innervate muscles and glands

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6
Q

somatic sensory

A

dectect touch, pain, pressure, hearing balance and proprioceptive senses (detect stretch in tendons and muscles)

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7
Q

visceral sensory

A

stretch, pain, hunger, taste, and smell

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8
Q

somatic motor

A

contraction of skeletal muscles; voluntary control

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9
Q

visceral motor

A

regulates contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle; involuntary control

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10
Q

neurons

A

excitable cell that transmits electrical signals

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11
Q

neuroglia

A

nonexcitable support cells; surround and wrap neurons

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12
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies; lie along nerves in PNS

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13
Q

special charcteristics of neuron

A

longevity(live and function for a lifetime); do not divide; high metabolic rate(require abundant oxygen and glucose

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14
Q

dendrites

A

extensive branching from cell body; receptive sites

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15
Q

axons

A

one per neuron; impulse generators and conductors; transmit impulses away from cell body

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16
Q

neurotransmitters

A

excite or inhibit neurons; released from axon terminals

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17
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

conducts signal toward a synapse

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18
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

transmits electrical activity away from a synapse

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19
Q

multipolar

A

possess more than 2 processes

20
Q

bipolar

A

possess two processes

21
Q

unipolar

A

pseudounipolar; possess one short, single process

22
Q

astrocytes

A

most abundant glial cell type; extract blood sugar from capillaries; take up and release ions to control environment and neurons

23
Q

microglia

A

smallest and least abundant glial cell; phagocytes(macrophages of the CNS); derive from blood cells called monocytes

24
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain

25
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

have fewer branches; wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS

26
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

27
Q

schwann cells

A

neurolemmocytes; surround axons in the PNS

28
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

29
Q

nerves

A

cablelike organs in the PNS

30
Q

endoneurium

A

layer of delicate loose connective tissues surrounding the axon

31
Q

perineurium

A

connective tissue wrapping that surround nerve fascicles

32
Q

nerve fascicles

A

groups of axons bound into bundles

33
Q

epineurium

A

whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath

34
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

35
Q

nerve fiber

A

long axon

36
Q

nerve

A

collection of axons in the PNS

37
Q

gray matter

A

gray-colored zone that surrounds hollow central cavities of the CNS; forms butterfly-shaped region in spinal cord; where synapses occur; contains cluster of neuron cell bodies

38
Q

white matter

A

external to gray matter; contains no neuron cell bodies; contains axons and neuroglia

39
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons traveling to similar destinations

40
Q

reflex arcs

A

simple chains of neurons; determine structural plan of nervous system; responsible for reflexes

41
Q

5 components of reflex arc

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector

42
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

simplest and fastest reflex; one synapse

43
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

more common type of reflex; one or more interneurons involved; ex: withdrawal reflexes

44
Q

neuronal circuits

A

how interneurons of the CNS are interconnected in multiple ways

45
Q

diverging circuit

A

one presynaptic neuron synapses with several neurons
ex: stretch reflex

46
Q

converging circuit

A

many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron

47
Q

reverberating circuit

A

one neuron in the circuit receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit

Anatomy (17 decks)

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