Handout 4

Question 1

pertains to the customary beliefs, social forms, and
material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.

Answer 1

culture

Question 2

refers to a set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization.

Answer 2

culture

Question 3

represents a perception that the organization’s members hold in common.

Answer 3

Organizational culture

Question 4

expresses the core values that gives the organization its distinct personality.

Answer 4

dominant culture

Question 5

the primary or dominant values accepted throughout the organization

Answer 5

core values

Question 6

mini cultures within an organization, typically defined by department designations and geographical separation

Answer 6

subcultures

Question 7

tend to develop in large organizations in response to common problems or experiences a group of members faces in the same department or location.

Answer 7

subcultures

Question 8

The culture that should be existing in the tourism and hospitality industry

Answer 8

Service Culture

Question 9

the organization’s core values are both intensely held and widely shared.

Answer 9

strong culture

Question 10

opinions vary widely in the organization

Answer 10

weak culture

Question 11

This culture anticipates guests’ needs and renders services accordingly before they ask for it. Guest satisfaction must be the topmost priority for any tourism and hospitality professional.

Answer 11

service culture

Question 12

Functions of Culture

Answer 12

 It has a boundary-defining role: it creates distinctions between organizations.
 It conveys a sense of identity for organization members.
 It facilitates commitment to something larger than self-interest.
 It enhances the stability of the social system.

Question 12

the lack of frequent face-to-face contact makes
establishing a common set of norms very difficult.

Answer 12

virtual organizations

Question 13

refers to the shared perceptions that organizational members have about their organization and work environment.

Answer 13

Organizational climate

Question 14

he conceived culture as to how organizations resolved a range of universal problems that could be divided into three (3) categories

Answer 14

Fons Trompenaars

Question 15

universal problems that could be divided into three (3) categories:

Answer 15

a) those that arise from relationships with other people,
b) those that arise from the passing of time
c) those related to the environment.

Question 16

individualism versus collectivism

Answer 16

The concept of self

Question 17

the individual puts their needs before those of the group.

Answer 17

individualistic culture

Question 18

a person’s identity depends on the individual’s role in the group, whether the group is represented by the family, the team, work, and the like.

Answer 18

collectivist culture

Question 19

universalism versus particularism

Answer 19

The concept of obligations

Question 20

apply absolute concepts in certain situations independently of circumstances or particular situations.

Answer 20

Universalist cultures

Question 21

have no absolute concepts, and the way the individuals behave depends on the circumstances.

Answer 21

Particularist cultures

Question 22

monochronic or polychronic

Answer 22

The concept of time

Question 23

time is almost tangible; they talk of it as something that you can “find,” “save,” “fritter away”, or “lose.”

Answer 23

Monochronic

Question 24

do not consider it tangible and pay more attention to human transactions than calendars.

Answer 24

Polychronic

Question 25

activism compared to fatalism

Answer 25

The concept of control:

Question 26

control is in the hands of individuals.

Answer 26

activist culture

Question 27

control is not in the hands of the individual

Answer 27

fatalist culture,

Question 28

influence our perception of time and space, and our way of relating to others.

Answer 28

Cultural dimensions

Question 29

This dimension refers to the degree that the members with the least power in the organization accept and expect an unequal distribution of power.

Answer 29

Power distance.

Question 30

we find organizations where the bonds between people are loose

Answer 30

individualism

Question 31

we find societies where their members form strong, cohesive groups from the moment they are born;

Answer 31

collectivism

Question 32

Studies show that some cultures are dominated by masculine values, such as domination and control. On the other hand, other cultures can be identified as feminine, where typical feminine values such as sensitivity and concern for others are predominant.

Answer 32

Masculinity versus femininity

Question 33

refers to the tolerance that society shows to uncertainty and ambiguity and, therefore searching for the truth about humanity.

Answer 33

Uncertainty avoidance

Question 34

identified in a later study based on a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars, in which 23 countries took part.

Answer 34

Short-term orientation versus long-term orientation

Question 35

values associated with a long-term orientation

Answer 35

saving and perseverance

Question 36

values associated with short-term orientation

Answer 36

respect for tradition, meeting social obligations, and the protection of personal “image.”

Question 37

the vehicle through which nature adapts, competes, and evolves

Answer 37

Diversity