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PYB204: Perception and Cognition > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

How is sound caused?

A

by changes in air pressure

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2
Q

What is amplitude?

A
  • decibels: dB
  • related to loudness
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3
Q

What is frequency?

A
  • Hertz: Hz
  • related to pitch
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4
Q

What is a phase (in a pressure wave)?

A

the position within a cycle

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5
Q

What is a pure tone?

A
  • sine wave
  • simplest sound wave
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6
Q

What is Fourier analysis?

A

the process of decomposing complex sounds into their sine wave components

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7
Q

What is the lowest frequency component of a complex sound?

A

the fundamental

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8
Q

*What are many complex sounds made up of?

A

harmonics—integer multiples of the fundamental

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9
Q

What are the three main areas of the outer ear?

A
  • Pinna
  • External auditory canal
  • Eardrum (tympanic membrane)
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10
Q

What is the function of the PInna (outer ear)?

A
  • increases the sound amplitude
  • helps determine the direction from which a sound is coming
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11
Q

What is the function of the external auditory canal (outer ear)?

A
  • provides protection
  • increase the sound amplitude
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12
Q

What is the function of the eardrum (outer ear)?

A
  • vibrates in response to sound waves
  • moves bones in the middle ear
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13
Q

What are the three bones (ossicles) of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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14
Q

What are the functions of the ossicles (middle ear)?

A

transmit vibration of the eardrum into the choclea through lever actions

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15
Q

What does the inner ear consist of?

A

semicircular canals - sense of orientation
cochlea

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16
Q

How does the cochlea (inner ear) work?

A

it is filled with liquid which moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear

17
Q

What are the three canals on the cochlea (inner ear)?

A
  • Vestibular canal
  • Tympanic canal
  • Cochlear duct
18
Q

What separates the canals of the cochlea (inner ear) and what is the function of the membrane?

A

basilar membrane
- converts vibrations into neuron signals

19
Q

What is the central auditory pathway?

A
  • nerve fibres from each cochlea synapse in a number of sites (nucleus’s) on the way to the primary auditory cortex
  • input from both ears is present in both hemispheres
  • seems that the cortex deals with more complex auditory tasks while the lower structures deal with simple aspects of sound (sound perception is beyond PAC)
20
Q

How is the frequency of a sound processed in frequency coding?

A
  • waves travel along the basilar membrane and peak at different points depending on the frequency of the sound
  • the location of the peak identifies the frequency of the sound
21
Q

How is the pitch of a sound processed in frequency coding?

A

simulating auditory nerves at different cochlea locations leads to the perception of sounds in different pitch

22
Q

What happens if a fundamental is missing however the harmonics are present?

A

the missing fundamental is filled in

23
Q

What are the two basic mechanisms for loudness perception and how does it work?

A
  • overall firing rates
  • range of firing

More neurons fire when a sound is more intense, each neuron fires more vigerously

24
Q

ctors impact loudness?

A
  • duration of sound (longer = louder)
  • frequency (higher frequency = louder sound)
25
Q

What occurs in the binaural process of auditory space perception?

A

interaural time difference
- onset difference
- phase difference
interaural intensity difference

26
Q

What is the onset difference in the interaural time difference?

A

Unless a sound is directly in front of or behind you, it reaches two ears at different times

27
Q

What is the phase difference in the interaural time difference?

A

The same sound will most likely be in different phases when it reaches each of the two ears

28
Q

What is Interaural intensity difference?

A
  • The same sound should be a bit more intense at an ear that is closer to the sound source
  • The energy of a sound decreases as it travels farther
  • The head works as a barrier that reduces the intensity of the sounds (sound shadow)
29
Q

What is the Interaural time difference useful for?

A

localizing low-frequency sounds

30
Q

What is Interaural intensity difference useful for?

A

localizing high-frequency sounds

31
Q

What direction are we better at percieving?

A
  • Humans perceive horizontal directions better than vertical directions through auditory cues
32
Q

What are the two cues for auditory distance perception?

A

○ Loudness cues can tell us only about relative distance
○ Reverberation cues vary depending on various properties of the reflection surface

PYB204: Perception and Cognition (12 decks)

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