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PMP101 > Divisions and Function of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Divisions and Function of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system? DIAGRAM

A
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2
Q

What are the two Nervous systems?

A

Central and Peripheral

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3
Q

What is the Central Nervous System ?

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
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4
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

-Sensory neurons (messages from periphery to spinal cord nerves (messages from spinal cord to muscles/glands)

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5
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

-SOMATIC
-AUTONOMIC

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6
Q

What are the building blocks of the Nervous System

A
  • Neurons
    -Oligodrebdrocytes (CNS)/ Schwann cells (PNS)
    -Astrocytes
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7
Q

What are Neurons?

A

–Many have a lipid sheath called myelin
-Highly specialised cells
-Responsible for communication (action

potential/neurotransmission)

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8
Q

What is Oligodrendrocytes (CNS)/Schwannn cells (PNS)?

A

-Produce myelin, facilitate transmission

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9
Q

What are Astrocytes ? digram

A

-Enable homeostasis, physical

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10
Q

Glial cells support neurones (diagram)

A
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11
Q

What are the 3 functional types of neurons?

A
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12
Q

What are afferent or sensory neurones ?

A

-(sense)-signals from the periphery to CNS

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13
Q

What are motor neurons?

A
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14
Q

What are autonomic neurons?

A
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15
Q

What are interneurons ?

A
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16
Q

What are the 3 main function types of neurons ?

A

1) Peripheral nervous system - afferent or efferent neurones
2)Central nervous system -Inteneurons
3) morphological types-Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar

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17
Q

What are morphological types of Neurons?

A

-Unipolar
-Bipolar
-Multipolar

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18
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A
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19
Q

What ate bipolar neurons?

A
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20
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A
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21
Q

What is a nerve?

A
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22
Q

What do neurons from ?

A

-They form networks in order to communicate

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23
Q

What is the site called where one neuron meets another?

A

-At the Synapse

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24
Q

What is the synapse?

A
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25
Q

How do neurons form networks to communicate?

A
  • Where one neuron meets another - synapse
  • Electrical action potential triggers release of chemical signal (neurotransmitter)
  • Neurotransmitters from the presynapse bind to postsynaptic receptors, triggering depolarisation of the postsynaptic neurone
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26
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A
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27
Q

What is the Synapse ? diagram

A
  • Very complex structure- maintains synaptic shape and function
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28
Q

What is a receptor?

A
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29
Q

What are the receptor types? diagram

A
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30
Q

What does an inhibitory synapse involve?

A
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31
Q

What does an excitatory synapse involve ? diagrams

A
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32
Q

What is Synaptic Transmission?

A
  • Synaptic structures are complex
  • Multiple synapses onto the same dendrite, can be excitatory or inhibitory
  • Whether the neurone fires or not is a sum of all the synaptic inputs
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33
Q

What are inhibitory synapses? diagram

A
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34
Q

What are Excitatory synapses? diagram

A
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35
Q

What is the integration of multiple steps?

A
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36
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitters ?

A

-Excitatory neurotransmitters
-Inhibitory neurotransmitters
-Neuropeptides

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37
Q

What are examples of Excitatory neurotransmitters ?

A

Glutamate

-Monoamines

-Acetylcholine (mostly)

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38
Q

What are examples of Inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

-GABA

-Glycine

-Endorphins

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39
Q

What are examples of Neuromodulators ?

A

-Neuropeptides

-Endocannabinoids

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40
Q

What direction does Action Potential travel through the nerve cell? DIAGRAM

A
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41
Q

The Brain and its protection- What is the Cranium ?

A

-This is a layer of protection of which protects the brain and the spinal cord

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42
Q

The Brain and its protection- What is the Meninges of the brain?

A

-are the membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord

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43
Q

What layers are present in order to protect the brain and spinal cord?

A

-The Cranium
-The meninges (membranes)

44
Q

What is the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  • Salty solution secreted into ventricles by choroid plexus
  • Consists of transporting epithelia (ependyma): ependymal cells
  • From ventricles to subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
  • Protection
  • Physical: buoyancy and padding
  • Chemical: Stable ionic environment
  • Different to plasma
  • No blood cells little protein
45
Q

Labelled Diagram of the brain?

A
46
Q

How does blood supply around the brain?

A
  • Internal carotid and vertebral arteries supply brain, form circle of Willis
  • Smaller arteries branch off, run over surface then penetrate brain
47
Q

Why does there need to be a large blood supply to the brain?

A
  • Nervous tissue: high metabolic requirements
  • Requires high rates O2 and glucose
  • 15% of blood supply to brain
  • Very sensitive to Ischaemia
48
Q

Blood Supply to the Brain diagram?

A
49
Q

What is the The blood brain barrier (BBB)?

A

-protects CNS

50
Q

How does the BBB protect the CNS?

A

-Capillaries in the brain less permeable
– Exclude many molecules entering from the blood stream
- Protects brain from fluctuations in blood
- Endothelial cells line the capillary walls with tight junctions between them
- Processes from glial cells astrocytes form a barrier around blood vessels
- Some lipid soluble molecules can diffuse through cells
- Specific transporters allow certain molecules to access the brain
- The BBB is not complete in some brain areas
- Eg pituitary
- Vomiting centre in medulla

51
Q

What is Gray Matter of the brain?

A
52
Q

What is White Matter of the brain?

A
53
Q

Diagram of brain?

A
54
Q

What do bundles of axons do in the brain?

A
  • connect different regions called tracts (often myelinated-lipid substance that covers some axons to speed up neurotransmission)
55
Q

What occurs at the spinal cord?

A

-This is where information comes in to the CNS and directions are sent out
-Messages are sent to and from the brain

56
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

-Vertebral Column

57
Q

What is the Vertebral Column?

A
58
Q

What are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?

A

-Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

59
Q

Diagram of spinal cord ?

A
60
Q

What do the sensory nerves do in the spinal cord?

A

-enter via dorsal root

61
Q

What do the motor nerves do in the spinal cord?

A

-leave via ventral root

62
Q

The segments of the 4 regions of the spinal cord do what?

A

-Segments within these give rise to spinal nerves

63
Q

What are the spinal nerves?

A
64
Q

What is the (transverse/cross section) of the spinal cord?

A

-Provide distinct patterns?

65
Q

Diagram of sensory nerve in and motor nerve out

A
66
Q

What are ascending tracts in the spinal cord?

A

-they carry sensory information to the brain

67
Q

What are descending tracts in the spinal cord?

A

-Carry commands to the motor neurons from the brain

68
Q

Ascending and Descending tracts diagram - spinal cord?

A
69
Q

What are axons?

A

-they carry information to and from the brain

70
Q

Spinal cord: Peripheral nerves?

A

-NOT CNS

71
Q

What are the two main types of Peripheral nerves? spinal cord

A

-spinal nerves
-cranial nerves

72
Q

What are Peripheral nerves:?

A

-Nerves of which branch off the spinal cord

73
Q

What is the Spinal nerve?

A

a mixed spinal nerve, which carries motor, sensory, between the spinal cord and the body.

74
Q

In humans, how many Paired peripheral nerves are there? and what are they?

A

-31 pairs

-8 Cervical

-12 Thoracic

-5 Lumbar

75
Q

Approx how many neurons does the human brain have?

A

-100,000,000,000

76
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

-involuntary functions, blood pressure, breathing, vomiting, sleep/arusal

77
Q

Diagram of brain and labels functions such as the -Hypothalamus?

A
78
Q

What is the Cerebrum of the brain?

A
79
Q

What is the Hypothalamus of the brain?

A
80
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum of the brain?

A
81
Q

What is the Ventricles of the brain?

A
82
Q

What is the Thalamus of the brain?

A
83
Q

What is the mid-brain?

A
84
Q

What is the cerebellum of the brain?

A
85
Q

What is the brain stem?

A
86
Q

What is the medulla of the brain?

A
87
Q

What is the Pons of the brain?

A
88
Q

What is the pituitary gland of the brain?

A
89
Q

What is the Cerebrum known as?

A

-The cortex

90
Q

What is the cortex ?

A
91
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cortex?

A

-Frontal:
-Parietal:
-Occipital:
-Temporal:

92
Q

What is the -Frontal lobe of the cortex?

A

-Reasoning, planning, speech, movement, problem solving

93
Q

What is the -Parietal lobe of the cortex?

A

-Movement/ orientation recognition, stimuli perception

94
Q

What is the Occipital lobe of the cortex?

A

-Visual processing

95
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe of the cortex?

A

-Perceptions/recognition of auditory stimuli

96
Q

Diagram of where each lobe of the cortex are located?

A
97
Q

What is the cortex?

A

2 hemispheres joined by corpus callosum

98
Q

What are the 2 hemispheres of the cortex?

A

-Left Cerebral hemisphere
-Right Cerebral hemisphere

99
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
100
Q

Full cortex diagram?

A
101
Q

What are the Cerebrum: Sub cortical structures ?

A

– Three clusters of nuclei (cell bodies)
- Basal ganglia: Control of movement
- Limbic system
- Amygdala: emotion and memory
- Hippocampus: Learning and memory (under temporal lobe)

102
Q

What are the 10 Cranial nerves (PNS)?

A
103
Q

What is most of the brain made up of?

A

-Gilal cells?

104
Q

What are gilail cells?

A
105
Q

Synaptic structures enable what?

A

-neurotransmitter release and detection

106
Q

Neurotransmitters can be?

A

-excitatory or inhibitory

107
Q

What does the sum of all synaptic inputs determine?

A

-The firing of neurone

PMP101 (23 decks)

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