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PMP101 > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

-Sense a change, interpret results and respond by co ordinating activities of the body

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2
Q

What is the function of the neurone?

A

-Communication, action potential, form networks, communicate across a synapse

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3
Q

What is the significance of ion gradients?

A

-Allow electrical signally and excitability due to the cell membrane being impermeable to ions

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4
Q

Is Ca2+ higher inside or outside of the cell?

A

-Outside

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5
Q

Is Na+ higher insider or outside the cell?

A

-Outside

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6
Q

Is K+ higher inside or outside of the cell?

A

-inside

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7
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

= -70mV

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8
Q

What are the building blocks of the nervous system?

A

-Neurone, oligodrenrocytes (CNS), schanncells (PNS), astrocytes, microglia

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9
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schann cells (PNS)?

A

-Produce myelin and facilitates its transmission

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10
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

-Enable homeostasis, physical barrier, re-uptake of neurotransmitters and support neurones

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11
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

-Immune cells of the brain, phagocytose dead cells and debris

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12
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

-Receive information and start action potential

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13
Q

What is the function of the soma?

A

-it’s a Cell body, contains organelles such as the nucleus

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14
Q

What is the function of the axon terminals?

A

-Communicate with other neurones or muscles

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15
Q

What is the function of the axons?

A

-Propagates action potential

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16
Q

What are the types of neurone in the PNS?

A

-Afferent (sensory) and efferent neurones

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17
Q

What does the afferent neurone do?

A

-Signals from PNS to CNS

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18
Q

What does the efferent neuron do?

A

-Motor neurons-CNS to muscles/skin autonomic neurons-CNS to smooth muscle/gland

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19
Q

What is the neurone in the CNS?

A

-Interneurons

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20
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

-connect the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

What are the three types of neurotransmitter?

A

-Excitory, inhibitory, and neuromodulators

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22
Q

Give two examples of excitatory neurotransmitters ?

A

-glutamate and monoamines

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23
Q

Give 3 examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

-GABA, glycine and endorphins

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24
Q

Give 2 examples of neuro modulators ?

A

-neuropeptides and endocannabinoids

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25
Q

What protects the brain ?

A

-Cranium and meninges

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26
Q

What makes up the meninges ?

A

-Dura matter, arachnoid matter, Pia matter

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27
Q

What are the four regions of the spine ?

A

-Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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28
Q

What forms the blood brain barrier ?

A

-Less permeable capillaries and endothelial cells lining the capillary walls with tight junctions between them

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29
Q

What happens in the frontal lobe?

A

-Reasoning, speech, planning, movement, problem solving

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30
Q

What happens in the occipital lobe?

A

-Visual processing

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31
Q

What happens in the temporal lobe?

A

-Perceptions and hearing

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32
Q

What happens in the parietal lobe ?

A

-Movement/ orientation recognition and stimuli perception

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33
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

-Involuntary responses

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34
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

-Co-ordinates movement/balance

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35
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

-movement, speech, emotion, intelligence

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36
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

-maintains internal environment controls visceral functions modulates endocrine function

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37
Q

What happens in ANS input (afferent)?

A

-Sensory neurons in peripheral organs to centres in hypothalamus and medulla

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38
Q

What happens in ANS output (efferent)?

A

-Sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves cause organ to innervate to cause moevemtn

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39
Q

What can a reflex arch link?

A

-Afferent and efferent ANS so brain does not have to get involved

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40
Q

What are visceral sensory neurons?

A

-Neurons that monitor internal changes and stretch in the visceral organs eg. stomach to inform brain of hunger

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41
Q

Where are visceral neurons found?

A

-Widely scattered around body but also running along with autonomic output nerves

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42
Q

What outputs for ANS nerves control?

A

-Smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and secretory glands

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43
Q

What neurons are present in a visceral reflex arc?

A

-visceral sensory and autonomic

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44
Q

How does a stimulus travel through a visceral reflex arc?

A

-Visceral fibre, dorsal root ganglion, CNS, preganglionic axon, visceral effector

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45
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

-Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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46
Q

What are the features of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

-Fight or flight
-Short term survival
-Increases energy availability, capacity and usage

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47
Q

What are the features of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

-Rest and digest
-Long term survival
-Generally reduces energy availability, capacity and usage

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48
Q

What is an autonomic ganglion?

A

-Cell body terminal of the first neuron between the spinal cord and specific organ

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49
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

-A nerve that travels from the brain to the heart, stomach and other areas

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50
Q

Where do nerves originate in the SNS?

A

-Spinal cord

51
Q

Where do the two neurons synapse in the SNS?

A

-Closer to the sympathetic ganglia

52
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

-Ligand-gated ion channels that have the binding site and channel combined, no second messenger and rapid response

53
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

-G-Protein coupled receptors where the binding site is not combined with a channel, has a second messenger and slower response

54
Q

What is the effector neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

-Acetylcholine

55
Q

What are the 2 acetylcholine receptors?

A

-Nicotinic and muscarinic

56
Q

What is the effector in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

-Noradrenaline

57
Q

What are adrenoceptors?

A

-GPCRs that respond to adrenaline and noradrenaline and have diverse actions depending on target

58
Q

What is the somosensory cortex?

A

-Detects sensory events arising from different regions of the body. Located on the parietal lobe

59
Q

What is the motor cortex?

A

-Issues response to stimuli in specific body part

60
Q

What is an ascending tract?

A

-Relay information from the spinal cord to the sensory cortex

61
Q

What is a descending tract?

A

-Relay information from the motor cortex to the spinal cord

62
Q

What are the features of sensory neurones?

A

-Sense touch, pain, etc
-Relay information from spinal cord and brain
-Enter spine via Doral root
-Myelinated

63
Q

What are the features of motor neurons?

A

-Relay nerve impulses from the spine to trigger contraction of skeletal muscle
-Exit spine via ventral root
-One alpha motor neuron from spinal cord to muscle
-Multi-polar and myelinated

64
Q

What meets a neuromuscular junction?

A

-synapse of a somatic motor neuron and muscle fibres

65
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

-Nerve impulse communicates with individual muscle
-Acetylcholine binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor which is a ligand gated ion channel

66
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

-Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

67
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

-Striated muscle that enables movement of limbs and other parts of the skeleton connected to the bone via tendons

68
Q

What is the cardiac muscle?

A

-Striated muscle that has intrinsic pacemaker activity and pumps to aid circulation

69
Q

What is a smooth muscle?

A

-Found around many hollow internal organs
-Functional syncytium

70
Q

What is a functional syncytium?

A

-A single cell with multiple nuclei for rapid transfer of information

71
Q

What muscles are part of the ANS?

A

-Cardiac
-Smooth

72
Q

What is skeletal muscle made up of?

A

-Elongated muscle cells that have fused together and stretched lengthways

73
Q

What are T-tubules?

A

-Invaginations of muscle fibre plasma membrane?

74
Q

How is the sarcoplasmic reticulum different from ER?

A

-It is specialised to hold more Ca2+ ?

75
Q

What are the 4 proteins involved in contraction?

A

-Myosin, actin, troponin, tropmyosin

76
Q

How does a muscle contract?

A

-Myosin filaments slide along actin filaments. Z disks get closer together, H zone gets smaller then disappears as actin filaments overlap causing banding pattern

77
Q

What happens in cross bridge cycling?

A

-ATP binds to myosin, myosin hydrolyses
-ATP and the energy released rotates the myosin head to the cocked position
-Ca2+ bind to troponin which changes position so actin and myosin can bind.
-Myosin releases ADP at the end of the power stroke

78
Q

How does calcium act as the intracellular signal for contraction?

A

-Release of Acetylcholine at NMJ causes an electrical impulse in plasma membrane. This is carried to the cells interior by T tubules. The electrical impulse triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

Summarise the entire process of muscle contraction?

A

-Nerve action potential, nerve ending secretes ACH, end-plate potential, muscle action potential, T tubules depolarise and open Ca2+ channels, sarcoplasmic Ca2+ increases. Muscle fibre contracts, Ca2+ is pumped back into SR, muscle fibre relaxes

80
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

A

-Acetylcholine

81
Q

How is acetylcholine transported across a synapse?

A

-ACh formed at the synaptic terminal, generated by choline acetyl transferase, packaged into vesicles, released into synaptic clef, broken down by achesterase, choline taken up

82
Q

How does botox work?

A

-Stops vesicles fusing with presynaptic membrane

83
Q

What are the 3 events during a muscle twitch?

A

-Latent period
-Contraction
-Relaxation

84
Q

What happens in the latent period of a muscle twitch?

A

-Motor end plate depolarisation transmitted down T tubules
-Ca2+ channels open in SR
-Ca2+ binds to troponin revealing myosin binding site

85
Q

What happens during contraction of a muscle twitch?

A

-Myosin binds to actin, moves, releases and reforms many times causing sacromeres to shorten

86
Q

What happens during relaxation of a muscle twitch?

A

-Ca2+ actively transported back into SR
-Tropomyosin-troponin complex blocks myosin binding
-Muscle fibre lengthens passively

87
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

-A motor neuron and its muscle fibres

88
Q

Fine motor control requires ….. ratio of muscle fibres to nerve cells?

A

-smaller

89
Q

What are the basic principles of motor neurons?

A

-All or nothing
-Threshold stimulus must be reached for contraction
-Recruitment, must have enough motor units for force required

90
Q

Why does skeletal muscle contraction need ATP?

A

-Contraction (crossbridge forming )
-Relaxation (pump Ca2+)
-Restore Na+ and K+ levels after AP

91
Q

Where does ATP for skeletal muscle contraction come from?

A

-Phosphocreatine
-Carbohydrates

92
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle fibre?

A

-Fast and slow twitch

93
Q

What do antagonistic muscle group do?

A

-Move bones in opposite directions
-Contraction can pull on a bone, can not push bone away

94
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

-Muscle fibres are shorter and usually have one nucleus
-Connected by gap junctions and desmosomes
-Gap junctions allow quick transmission of action potential and contract in a wave-like pattern so that the heart can work as a pump

95
Q

What specialised cells cause the heart to contract?

A

-Pacemakers (SAN)

96
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle fibres?

A

-Lack striations
-Small cells with single nucleus
- have actin and myosin proteins
-Filaments occur in parallel

97
Q

What are the similarities between smooth and skeletal muscle?

A

-Cross bridge movements initiated by increase in Ca2+ ions
-Force-sliding filaments

98
Q

What are the differences between smooth and skeletal muscle?

A

-Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes more slowly
-Controlled by autonomic nervous system
-Ca2+ comes from outside the cells in smooth not tubules
-Smooth has no troponin in actin filaments, uses calmodulin

99
Q

What receptor types does the sensory nervous system respond to?

A

-Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, termoreceptors, nociceptors

100
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

-Respond to stimuli that result in sensation of pain

101
Q

What broad categories can sense be split into?

A

-General senses and special sense

102
Q

What is a sensory unit?

A

-A single afferent neuron and all its receptor endings

103
Q

What is a simple receptor?

A

-Neurons with free nerve endings

104
Q

What is a complex neural receptor?

A

-Nerve ending enclosed in connective tissue capsules

105
Q

How is a special senses receptor different?

A

-Release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons to initiate an action potential

106
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

-Region of space where the presence of a stimulus will induce the production of a signal in the neuron

107
Q

What are the features of somatosensory pathways?

A

-Linked to skeletal muscles, gives perception of touch, temp, body position, pain, process stimuli from receptors, responds voluntary and voluntary, project to cortex and cerebellum

108
Q

What are the different receptors in the skin?

A

-Free nerve endings, merkel corpusle,meissners corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle and Ruffini corpuscle

109
Q

Where do somatosensory pathways take the message?

A

-To the spinal cord and somatosensory cortex in the brain

110
Q

What are the two afferent pathways to the brain?

A

-Dorsal column lemniscal
-Spinothalamic

111
Q

What is the dorsal column lemniscal pathway for?

A

-Fine touch, vibration and position

112
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway for?

A

-Pain and temperature

113
Q

What is a somatic reflex?

A

-An automatic, involuntary response that detects a stimulus and sends an impulse to the spinal cord which relays the information immediately back to the motor neurons

114
Q

What are the five components to the reflex arc?

A

-Receptor, afferent neurone, integration centre, efferent neurone and effector organ

115
Q

What type of receptors are muscle spindles?

A

-Proprioceptors

116
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

-Specialised muscle fibres surrounded by a capsule inside skeletal muscle that runs parallel to a muscle

117
Q

What do proprioreceptors do?

A

-Sense muscle length and activate sensory neurones

118
Q

When does a stretch reflex occur?

A

-When muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch ad tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to contract it

119
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A

1) stretching of muscle stimulates muscle spindles
2) activation of sensory neuron
3)Information processing at motor neuron
4) activation of motor neuron
5) contraction of muscle

120
Q

What is the Golgi tendon organ?

A

-A proprioceptor in tendons

121
Q

How do Golgi tendon organs control muscle contraction?

A

-Axons synapse onto inhibitory spinal interneurons which inhibit alpha motoneurons and reduce muscle contraction to regulate muscle tension until its in normal range

122
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

-Controls balance, equilibrium and muscle co-ordination

123
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

-Initiation and sequencing of movement

PMP101 (23 decks)

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