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A - Level Psychology > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the her vous system (2)

A
  1. Collect, process + respond to info in our environment
  2. Co-ordinate working of different organs + cells in body
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2
Q

What is the human nervous system briefly made up of (2)

A

1 peripheral nervous system
2. Central nervous system

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3
Q

Explain the components of the peripheral nervous system (2)

A

• made of the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
. Autonomic nervous system made up sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

Describe the components of the central nervous system(2)

A

•Brain
• spinal cord

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5
Q

Describe the function of the peripheral nervous system (2)

A

• Made up of the neurons
- that control central nervous system to nest of body

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6
Q

Describe the function of the autonomic nervous system (2)

A

• Controls unconscious activities
- eg digestion

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7
Q

Describe the function of the somatic nervous system (3)

A

. Controls conscious activities
. Eg running
• carry sensory info from environment to brain

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8
Q

• Describe function of sympathetic nervous system (2)

A
  • Gets body ready for action
  • Fight or flight system
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9
Q

• Describe The function of the parasympathetic nervous system ( 2)

A
  • Relaxes body returning it to normal rate
  • rest and digest system
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10
Q

Describe the process of the fight or flight response (8)

A

• Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
• brain detects fear or stress
• sends nervous impulse to adrenal gland
• release adrenaline = increase mechanisms that increase oxygen supply to cells + tissue
- Eg increased heart rate, blood pressure t breathing rate
- suppresses less important functions he salvation and digestion
- Parasympathetic nervous system reduces heart rate,blood pressure and breathing
- speeds up previously slowed, down functions eg digestion

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11
Q

How is the sensory nervous system adapted for it’s function (2)

A

• Made up of sensory receptors that carry info to spinal cord + brain
. And motor pathways that allow brain to control movement

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12
Q

Give examples of what the autonomy nervous system can control (5)

A

• Breathing
• heart rate
Digestion
• sexual arousal
• stress responses

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13
Q

’ What is the ans made up of (1)

A

Only motor pathways

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14
Q

What are neurons (3)

A

• nerves cells
• that process and transmit messages
• through electrical and chemical signals

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15
Q

Describe the function and structure of sensory neurone (2)

A

• Carry messages from peripheral nervous system to central nervous system
• have long dendrites and short axons

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons (3)

A
  • Sensory
    -Relay
    -Motor
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17
Q

Describe the function and structure of motor nuvrons (2)

A

• Connects central nervous system to effectors like muscles and glands
• have short dendrites and long axons

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18
Q

Describe the function and structure of relay neurons (2)

A

• Transmit electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurons
- have short dendrites and short - axons

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19
Q

State the features that make up the generalstructure of a neuron (5)

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body
  • axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
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20
Q

What is the function of the cell body (1)

A
  • Includes a nucleus which contains genetic materials of cells
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21
Q

Describe the function of dendrites (1)

A

• carry nerve impulses from neighbouring cells towards cell body

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22
Q

Describe the function of the axon (2)

A

• Carries impulses away from cell body
- down length of neuron

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23
Q

Describe the function of the myelin sheath (2)

A

• Protects axon
. Insulates axon to speed up nervous transmission

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24
Q

Describe the function of nodes of ranvier, and explain now it carries out its function

A

• speeds up transmission of impulse
- by forcing it to jump across gaps in axon

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25
Q

State the stages of the transmission of info to and from the central nervous system (5)

A

• Stimulus
• receptors
• central nervous system
• effectors
• response

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26
Q

• What are reflexes (3)

A
  • Fast
  • automatic responses
  • to certain stimuli
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27
Q

How do reflexes help us avoid damage (3)

A

• They bypass your conscious brain completely
• instead they go through spinal cord or unconscious part of brown
• these rapid responses = avoid damage

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28
Q

What are neurotransmitters (1)

A

• chemicals released from synaptic knob

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29
Q

what is a synapse ? (2)

A
  • junction between neuron and another neuron
  • or between neuron + effector cell
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30
Q

describe the structure of a synapse (5)

A
  • tiny gap between caells at synapse = synaptoic cleft
  • neuron before synapse = presynaptic neuoron
  • neuron after synapse = postsynaptic neuron
  • presynaptic neuron has synaptic knob
  • synaptic knob contains synaptic vesivles filled w neurotransmitters
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31
Q

describe the journey of an electrical impulse across a synapse (4)

A
  • when electrical impulse reaches end of neuron neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft
  • diffuse across postsynaptic memb
    • bind to receptors = trigger an electrical impulse
  • causing muscle contraction or hormone secretion
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32
Q

how is it ensured that the impulse can only travel in 1 direction (2)

A
  • receptors are onky on postsynaptic memb
  • synapse makes sure impulses = undirectional
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33
Q

explain how the synapse ensures that responses do not keep happening once they have occured once (3)

A
  • neurotransmitters are removed from cleft
  • eg taken back into presynatic neuron
  • or broken down by enzymes
34
Q

what are the 2 types of neurotransmitters (2)

A
  • excitatory
  • inhibitory
35
Q

what are excitatory neurotransmitters (3)

A
  • increase likelihood
  • that electrical impulse will be triggered in postsynaptic neuron
  • = increase likelihood of action potential
36
Q

what are inhibitory neurotransmitters (3)

A
  • decrease likelihood
  • that electrical impuls will be triggered in postynaptic neurone
  • = decrease likelihood of action potential
37
Q

name 5 different neurotransmitters (5)

A
  • acetylcholine
  • dopamine
  • noradrenaline
  • serotonin
  • GABA
38
Q

what functions is acetylcholine involved in (4)

A
  • voluntary movements
  • memory
  • learning
  • sleep
39
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is acetylcholine ?

A
  • excitatory
40
Q

describe the effect of too much and too little acetylcholine (2)

A
  • too much = depression
  • too little = dementia
41
Q

describe the fucntion of noradrenaline (1)

A
  • assosiated w fight or flight response
42
Q

describe the effect of too much or too little noradrenaline (2)

A
  • too much = schitz
  • too little = depression
43
Q

what does the neurotransmitter dopamine help with (3)

A
  • movement
  • attention
  • learning
44
Q

what effect can too much and too little dopamine have (3)

A

too much = schitz
too little = depression + parkinsons disease

45
Q

what is serotonin involved in (4)

A
  • emotion
  • mood
  • sleeping
  • eating
46
Q

what effect can too little serotonin have ? (1)

A
  • depression
47
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is GABA ? (1)

A

inhibitory

48
Q

what effect can too little GABA have ? (1)

A

anxiety disorders

49
Q

what is an action potential and when does it occur (2)

A
  • explosion of electrical activity
  • occurs when neuron sends info down axon from cell body
50
Q

describe how an action potential is caused (2)

A
  • neuron at resting state = -ively charged
  • when neuron activated by stimuluys it breifly becomes +ive then back to -ive
  • causing action pot
51
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is adrenaline ?

A
  • excitatory
52
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is serotonin ?

A

inhibitory

53
Q

what is summation ? (3)

A
  • addition of +ively charged nd -ively charged post synaptic potentials
  • if net effect on post synaptic neuron = inhibitory = reduced action potential
  • if net effect = excitatory = increased action pot
54
Q

what does normal brain function depend on ? (1)

A
  • regulated balance between inhibitory + excitatory influences
55
Q

what does the endocrine system involve ? (2)

A
  • glands
  • hormones
56
Q

what is a gland ? (2)

A
  • group of hormones
  • specialised to secrete a useful substance eg hormone
57
Q

what are hormones ? (2)

A
  • chemical messengers
  • many are proteins or peptides
58
Q

when are hormones secreted ? (1)

A

when glands are stimulated

59
Q

how can glands be stimulated ? (2)

A
  • change in conc of specific substance
  • or by electrical impulses
60
Q

describe the journey of a hormone in the endocrine system (5)

A
  • diffuse directly into blood
  • taken around body by circulatory system
  • diffuse out of blood all over body
  • bind to specific receptor
  • trigger response in target cell (effector)
61
Q

describe the stages in the endocrine system (5)

A
  • stimulus
  • receptors
  • hormone
  • effectors
  • response
62
Q

using regulation of low blood glucose levels explain the specific stages of the endocrine system in this situation (5)

A
  • stimulus - low blood gluc conc
  • receptors - receptors on pancreas detect low blood gluc conc
  • hormone - panc releases glucagon
  • effectors - target cells in liver detect glucagon and convert glycogen into glucose
  • response - glucose released so blood gluc conc increases
63
Q

state bodily functions which the endocrine system is responsible for regulating (4)

A
  • growth
  • metabolism
  • sleep
  • reprouction
64
Q

name some major glands (9)

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus gland
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • gonads ( ovaries + testes)
65
Q

describe the function of the hypothalamus (1)

A

produces hormones that controle pituitary gland

66
Q

describe function opf the pituitary gland (1)

A
  • releases hormones to control other glands in endocrine system
67
Q

what is pituitary gland also known as ? (1)

A

master gland

68
Q

describe the function of the pineal gland (2)

A
  • responsible for production of melatonin
  • plays role in control of sleep patterns
69
Q

describe the role of the thyroid gland (4)

A
  • produces hormone thyroxine
  • controls bodies metabolic rate
  • regulates growth
  • and maturation
70
Q

describe the function of the parathyroid glands (2)

A
  • produces parathyroid hormone
  • controls miniral levels in body
71
Q

describe the function of the thymus gland (1)

A
  • regulates immune system
72
Q

describe the function of the adrenal glands (2)

A
  • produce adrenaline
  • responsible for fight or flight response
73
Q

describe the function of the pancreas (2)

A
  • realease insulin and glucagon
  • which regulate blood sugar level
74
Q

describe the function of the gonads (4)

A
  • produce sex hormones ( eg testosterone + oestrogen)
  • important in reproduction
  • and development of sex organs
  • and secondary sexual characteristics
75
Q

what are gonads ? (1)

A
  • ovaries and testes
76
Q

compare chemical communication and electrical communication (2)

A
  • hormones aret released directly onto target cell - must travelthrough blood = slower than electrical communication
  • hormones arent broken as fast as neurotransmitters = hormone effect last longer
  • hormones transported all over bod = response = widespread
77
Q

what is chemical communication controlled by ? (1)

A

hormones

78
Q

what is electrical communication controlled by ? (1)

A
  • nerves
79
Q

describe the activation of the fight or flight response (3)

A
  • hypothalamus triggers activity in sympathetic branch or autonomic nervous system
  • stimulating adrenal medulla in adrenal glands
  • releasing adrenaline + noradrenaline into bloodstream
80
Q

Label this synapse (6)

A
81
Q

What happens one the threat has passes after the fight or flight response (3)

A
  • parasympathetic nervous system returns body it’s normal resting state
  • all function that we’re increased (eg HR) are decreased
  • all functions that were decreased (eg digestion) are increased
82
Q

explain how the hormones released during the activation of the fight or flight response affect the body (7)

A
  • BP + HR increase - get blood quickly to areas it is needed in bod
  • digestion decreases- all blood directed to brain + muscles
  • muscles = more tense - body is physically responsive
  • perspiration increases - body can cool down
  • BR increases - more O2 sent to muscles
  • puple size increases - more light enter eye = clearer vision
  • salivation decreases - digestive system isnt needed

A - Level Psychology (27 decks)

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