cultural variations in attachment

Question 1

who conducted cultural variations in attachment (2)

Answer 1

1. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
2. Takahashi

Question 2

describe the procedure of Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg’s research (3)

Answer 2

• meta analysis
• 32 strange situation studies
• 15 from USA

Question 3

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg findings (5)

Answer 3

• secure attachment most common attachment types across all cultures
• lowest % sec attachment = china
• highest % sec attachment = great britain
• indvidualistic countries had high lvls of insecure avoidant
• collectivist had high lvls of insecure resistant

Question 4

Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg conclusion (1)

Answer 4

there are cultural diffs in attachment type

Question 5

Takahashi procedure (2)

Answer 5

• 60 japanese infants
• strange situation procedure

Question 6

Takahashi findings (4)

Answer 6

• 68% securely attachment behavior ( like in ainsworth study)
• very low lvls of insecure avoidant behavior (unlike ainsworths study)
• high lvls of insecure resistant behavior (unlike ainsworths study)
• some infants responded to seperation so badly that experiment had to be stopped

Question 7

Takahashi conclusion (2)

Answer 7

• there are cultural diffs in attachment type
• reasons for extreme distress of japanese infants on seperation is bcs japanese infants tend to sleep w mothers and are very rarely sperated from them

Question 8

AO3 Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg (3)

Answer 8

✅ meta analysis:
- large sample size
- nearly 2000
- reduces likelihood of anomalous results + accounts for individual diffs

❌ compares attahment type between countries not cultures
- there are many diff cultures in 1 country

❌ strange situation culture biased - imposed etic
- developed in USA
- based on western ideas of attachment behavior

❌ sample not a equal representation of each country
- 15 studies were from USA
- sample not large enough to accurately represent each country

Question 9

AO3 Takahashi

Answer 9

✅ ethics considered
- some infants responded so badly to seperation bcs japanese infants rarely seperated from mothers
- experiment was stopped immediately
- infants werent put under more harm and stress than they are in everyday lives due to sake of research

❌ CA: it was unethical to put children under more harm than they experience in everyday lives in first place

❌ strange situation = culture bound - imposed etic

❌ cross cultural variations = not valid compatisons of attachment type across cultures
- sample characteristics like poverty, social class, age of ppnts or environmental caharcteristics like size of room, tpys availible varies across cultures
- diff in methodology
- can cofound w findings
- babies may explore more in small rooms
- or less visible proxomity-seeking bcs of room size may make child seem avoidant.
- doesnt tell us anything on cross cultural variations of attachment