Psychopathology - depression

Question 1

describe and explain the behavioral characteristics (3)

Answer 1

1. reduced activity lvls (lethargic)
2. disruption to sleep + eating behavior - insomnia or hypersomnia, weight gain or loss
3. agression + self harm - towards self or others eg verbally or physicially agressive, cutting and suicide

Question 2

describe + explain emotional characteristics (3)

Answer 2

1. lowered mood - more pronounched than feeling lethargic and sad all day
2. anger - can lead to agression and self harm
3. lowered self esteem - self loathing

Question 3

describe + explain the cognitive characteristics (3)

Answer 3

1. poor concentration - unable to stick to tasks or make decisions
2. dwell on negative - see glass hald empty than full and only recall negative aspects of event
3. absolutist thinking - see situations as all good or all bad no in between

Question 4

cognitive approach to explaining depression AO1 points (6)

Answer 4

1. faulty inf processing
2. negative self schema
3. The negative triad
4. Ellis’ ABC model - A
5. Ellis’ ABC model - B
6. Ellis’ ABC model - C

Question 5

THE COGNITIVE APPROACH TO EXPLAINING DEPRESSION FAULTY INFORMATION PROCESSING AO1 (3)

Answer 5

• part of Beck’s explanation
• focus on - aspects an ignore +’s
• black and white thinking

Question 6

Cog approach to explaining depression: negative self schema AO1 (3)

Answer 6

• part of Beck’s explanation
• schema: package of ideas and infos developed through experience
• negative self schema: interpret all info about themselves in a negative way

Question 7

Cog approach to explaining depression: The negative triad AO1 (4)

Answer 7

• part of Beck’s explanation
  1. negative view on self- “i’m a failure”
  2. negative view on future - “economy will never get better”
  3. negative view on the world - “world is a cold hard place’

Question 8

Cog approach to explaining depression: Ellis’ ABC model - A AO1(3)

Answer 8

• A = activating events
• negative events
• triggers irrational thoughts

Question 9

Cog approach to explaining depression: Ellis’ ABC model - B AO1(3)

Answer 9

• B = beliefs
• irrational beliefs interfere w happiness
• eg belief that life is always meant to be fair - untopianism

Question 10

Cog approach to explaining depression: Ellis’ ABC model - C. AO1 (2)

Answer 10

• c = concequences
• depression

Question 11

Ellis’s explanation AO3 (3)

Answer 11

❌ cant explain depression which arise w out obvious cause (endogenous depression)
- can only explain cases of reactive depression not endogenous depression
- partial and incomplete explanation

✅ led to development of REBT

❌ states that the person who is depressed is responsible for their own depression
- socially sensitive implications
- can be demotivating to person and make them feel even more gulty and responsible - demotivated them from getting better

Question 12

Beck’s explanation AO3 (3)

Answer 12

✅ led to development of CBT
- improve quality of life - less absenteeist - boost economy

❌ drug therapies (SSRI’s) found to be effective in treating depression
- biological basis - explanation is reductionist

✅ research support
- found that absolutist thinking, negative self schema and negative triad most commmon in ppl w depression
- and also found that these characteristics created a cognitive vulnerability that predicted later depression

Question 13

cognitive appraoch to treating deoression AO1 points (5)

Answer 13

1. Beck CBT - patient and therapist work together
2. Beck’s CBT - “patient as scientist”
3. Beck’s CBT - challenging
4. Ellis’s retional emoting behavior therapy - development of ABC model
5. Ellis’s REBT - Dispute / vigorous argument

Question 14

cognitive appraoch to treating deoression AO1 : 1. Beck CBT - patient and therapist work together (3)

Answer 14

• identify irrational thoughts using negative traid
• clarify problem
• set goals

Question 15

cognitive appraoch to treating deoression AO1 : Beck CBT - Beck’s CBT - “patient as scientist” (2)

Answer 15

• set homework
• eg note everytime someone was nice to them

Question 16

cognitive appraoch to treating deoression AO1 : Beck CBT - Beck’s CBT - challenging (3)

Answer 16

• challenge irrational thoughts
• discuss evidence against
• using homework

Question 17

cognitive appraoch to treating deoression AO1 : Ellis’s retional emoting behavior therapy - development of ABC model (3)

Answer 17

• ABC model extended to ABCDE model
• D = dispute
• E = effect

Question 18

cognitive appraoch to treating deoression AO1 : Ellis’s REBT - Dispute (4)

Answer 18

• vigurous argument
• dispute irrational beliefs
• logical dispute: questions logic of persons thoughts
• empirical dispute: therapist seeks whether there is any evidence to support irrational belief

Question 19

cognitive approach to treating depression AO3 (3)

Answer 19

❌ complex rational thinking
- cant treat ppl w learning disabilities or severe depression

❌ interfere w everyday life
- less preferred than drug treatments by clients
- clients less likely to carry oj full way through

✅ CBT found to be as effective as antidepressants in treating depression

❌ more expensive than drug therapies
- requires trained specialists andc large number of sessions and time
- less ppl treated for same price
- ✅ CA: no side effects

( can merge last 2 evaluation ponts together by talking ab strengths first) eg found to be as effective as antidep and in addition it has no side effects so can argue that it is a better alternative however more expensive etc….