Cardio Vascular Disease and Diabetes

Question 1

Cardiovascular system

Answer 1

-Transports 02 and nutrient-rich blood to the body’s cells and also removes wastes(e.g. CO2)
-At the cell 02 and fuel (e.g. glucose, fatty acids) are used to generate ATP (energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2—> 6H2O +6CO2+38ATP
Glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide +ENERGY

-Without the ability to make ATP cells Die

Question 2

Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

-A major type of CVD
- Begins with a small lesion in a vessel - can be caused by nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol, free radicals.
Fats (e.g. trans fats) deposit in lesion
-macrophages ( immune cells) try to help, fill with cholesterol and explode= worse
- smooth muscle covers it up
- Leads to a narrowed artery
Atherosclerosis in a major heart artery = coronary artery disease (CAD)
-Soft tissue gradually becomes replaced with calcium, mineral deposits
-walls become stiffer, causing arteriosclerosis (which is irreversible).

Question 3

Occurs when an artery is clogged, blocking nutrient and oxygen delivery to cells, leading to cell death
- medically called a myocardial infarction
-results in damage to or death of heart muscle
-Blockages typically occur when a blood clot gets lodged in an atherosclerotic coronary artery

Answer 3

Heart attack

Question 4

Chest discomfort
Discomfort in other areas of the upper body
shortness of breath
Sweating
Nausea
Lightheadedness

Answer 4

Heart attack symptoms

Question 5

Brain cells require a constant blood supply.
If not this occurs when a blockage in blood flow to the brain tissue arises.

Two types:
-Ischemic: blockage disrupts blood flow to brain (more common;~ 80 %). Can be thrombotic or embolic
Hemorrhagic: blood vessel bursts (less common;~20%)

Both lead to reduced blood flow, lack of oxygen delivery, tissue death
called thrombovascular accidents

Answer 5

Stroke

Question 6

Signs of a stroke

Answer 6

Face, is it drooping
Arms, can you raise both?
Speech, is it slurred or jumbled?
Time to call 911 right away.

Question 7

Heart disease in Canada

Answer 7

Overall, 5%(males> females)
Aged 50-64– 8%
Aged >65– 18%

Question 8

Stroke in Canada

Answer 8

1% ( male =female)
For those >75 – 7% live with the effects of stroke (they are older and more likely to have had a stroke)

Question 9

Preventing CVD

Answer 9

1. Don’t smoke; moderate alcohol intake ( at most)
2. Keep blood pressure and cholesterol in check
3. Physical activity (150 min per week for adults)
4. Eat heart-healthy (no trans, unsaturated> saturated fat; adequate omega (6<3) fatty acids), lower sodium intake, vegetables and fruits, lots of fibre and whole grains; soy can lower cholesterol, adequate vitamin B vitamins
5. Keep a healthy weight
6. Develop effective ways to manage stress

Question 10

High Cholesterol: Dietary vs blood

Answer 10

Elevated blood cholesterol is the main risk
Some people are more sensitive to intake and are at greater risk for increased blood cholesterol

-lipoproteins carry cholesterol in the blood
-LDL= bad cholesterol increases CVD risk
-HDL= good cholesterol promotes reabsorption of cholesterol and lowers CVD risks

Question 11

Lipoproteins

Answer 11

Carry cholesterol in the blood
Low-density Lipoprotein ( BAD cholesterol–> moves from blood to vessel walls and increases CVD risk.
High-density lipoprotein ( GOOD cholesterol can promote reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk)

Question 12

Leading behavior-related preventable cause of death
Smokers die ~ 7 years earlier on average than non smokers
smoking doubles risk of heart disease, stroke
2+ packs a day = 15-25x more likely to die of lung cancer
Associate with emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Smoking while pregnant increases risk of miscarriage, complications, asthma
secondhand smoke is the most hazardous form of indoor pollution and also a risk factor for lung cancer

Answer 12

Major risks of Tobacco

Question 13

Both a a type of CVD and risk factor for CVD
Causes more strain on heart and blood vessels
Extra strain can cause lesions in vessels, promoting atherosclerosis

Answer 13

Hypertension: High Blood pressure

Question 14

Eye Damage
Heart attack
Kidney failure
Stroke
Damage to artery walls

Answer 14

Consequences of High blood pressure

Question 15

Diabetes

Answer 15

Two types:
Type 1 ( Insulin- dependent); hereditary; body cannot make enough insulin
Type 2 (non-insulin dependent0; caused by lifestyle choices; body doesn’t respond to inuslin
Adults with untreated diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to suffer from heart disease or stroke
More likely to suffer CVD or stroke at a younger age

Question 16

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 16

Dangers of Diabetes
-CVD, stroke, kidney failure, compromised circulation to extremities ( may require amputatuion), impotence, blindness, skin sores
Treatment
-No cure, blood sugar levels must be kept stable
-Type 1: insulin injections
- Type 2: lifestyle modifications, medication/ insulin
lose weight, improve diet, increase physical activity, leads to a 50% reduction risk

Question 17

Risks of Diabetes

Answer 17

1.Obesity
2. Ethnicity
3. Physical inactivity
4. Family history
5. Previous case of gestational diabetes ( occurs during pregnancy)

Question 18

> 20% above ideal weight
-Strongly associated with hypertension, lower HDL and type 2 diabetes.
The Framingham study: sudden cardiac death 40X greater in obese persons
Purposeful weight reduction is advised ( through changes in diet and exercise)

Answer 18

Obesity

Question 19

Risk factors: Framingham Study

Answer 19

Uncontrollable:
Non-modifiable
Age (risk goes up with age)
Sex (M increased risk)
Hereditary
Ethnicity ( African, Asian indigenous are at increased risk)

Controllable:
Modifiable
smoking, alcohol
Diet and exercise
Cholesterol
hypertension
sodium intake
Diabetes
obesity
stress

Question 20

Enlarging an artery by using a balloon-type instrument to push open the vessel and inserting a tent to hold it open

Answer 20

Angioplasty

Question 21

If angioplasty fails, surgically replacing blocked or narrowed coronary arteries with healthy segments of vessels from elsewhere in the body (often part of a vein from the patient’s leg)

Answer 21

Coronary artery bypass