Chapter 10 - Modification Flashcards
What is modification
any syntactic element that is “optional” and which is not a Complement
What are the core members of the class of predeterminer quantifiers (PDQs)
the special quantifiers all, both, and half
When can predeterminer quantifiers (PDQs) occur
before most forms that function as determiners, including personal pronouns, genitive pronouns, genitive noun phrases, and articles
What do preterminer adjectives describe
a relative degree of the property described by the adjective
Prenominal modifiers
precede the head in a noun phrase, but follow any Determining elements
What is the first modifying element that may appear in a noun phrase
quantifier
Which are the cardinal numbers
the ones used in counting - one, two, three, etc
Which are the ordinal numbers
those that specify the numerical position of the head noun in some ordered series - first, second, third, etc
What do adjective phrases consist of
an obligatory Head, plus the possibility of several optional elements serving modifying functions within the phrase
Restrictive Modification
the modified element can only be identified by the hearer in terms of the information provided in the Modifier
Non-restrictive Modification
the Modifier enriches the scene by providing information not otherwise provided in the context, yet not essential for establishing the identity of the head
What are post-nominal Modifiers
Modifiers that follow the head in a noun phrase
What are the two most likely positions of Modifiers in the Predicate
the “I” position between auxiliary and Predicating element, or between Subject and inflected verb
final position within the IP
Semantic roles expressed by clause level Modifiers
SPEAKER ATTITUDE clause level
MANNER OF SPEAKING
EPISTEMIC clausal
CONJUNCTIVE clausal
What are epistemic clausal modifiers
has to do with the speaker´s assessment of how likely, possible, or necessary a situation is, and/or how the speaker learned the information
