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AP Psychology > Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension
+ Thinking
+ Knowing
+ Remembering
+ Judging
+ Problem-solving

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2
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative memory we work to remember

Subtypes:

Semantic (meaning)- Earth is the 3rd rock(planet) from the sun
Episodic- Remembering getting my first dog as a pet

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3
Q

Implicit memory

A

Non -declarative memory

Subtype:

Procedural- ability to perform certain tasks without conscious awareness

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4
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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5
Q

Measures of explicit memory

A

+Recall

+Recognition

+Relearning

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6
Q

Memory process

A

Encode -> Storage -> Retrieval

+ Getting information in

+ Retaining encoded information

+ Get info out of memory

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7
Q

The Attkinson-Shiffrin

A

Three-stage model of memory includes

a) sensory memory
b) short term memory
c) long-term memory

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8
Q

Sensory Memory

A

+ Iconic- fleeting photographic visual (1/2 of asec)

+ Echoic- fleeting auditory (3-4 secs)

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9
Q

Properspective Memory

A

The memory for tasks to be completed in the future
+ Ex. Sending an email, paying a bill, taking a medication

Dependent on short and long term memory

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10
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as…
+ Space
+ Time
+ Frequency (how often)

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11
Q

Parallel processing

A

Ability to deal with multiple stimuli simultaneously

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12
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention & conscious effort

+ Spacing effect (over time..)
(aka distributed practice)
+ serial position effect (recall tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle, primacy and recency effects)

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13
Q

Semantic memory

A

Conscious long-term memory for meaning, understanding, and conceptual facts about the world

Ex. Remembering the meaning of a situation rather than specific details

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14
Q

George Miker

A

The number of ____ humans can hold in their working memory

+ 7 digits
+ 6 letters
+ 5 words

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15
Q

Hippocampus and frontal lobe

A

Processes explicit memories for storage
+ sematics (facts)
+ episodics (experienced events)

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16
Q

Cerebellum and basal

A

Ganglia- implicit memories
+ skills, procedures
+ associations (classical conditioning)

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17
Q

Amygdala

flashbulb memories

A

involved with the experiencing of emotions.
+ Anger, aggression, fear, and stress are all common emotional triggers.

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18
Q
  1. Long-term potetiation (LTP)
  2. Block LTP
  3. Mimic LTP
A
  1. increase in synaptic firing
  2. limit learning
  3. increase learning (more rehearse, more you’ll learn)
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19
Q

Context dependent memory

A

Remembering is dependent upon enviroment

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20
Q

State dependent memory

A

+ Mood congruent
ex. If bad mood then recall bad events, if good mood then recall good events

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21
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

ANterog`+ cannot retrieve past information
+ what people usually think of as amnesia

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22
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

+ cannot form new memories
BUT!
+ Non-verbal tasks- remembers where to find waldo
+ Procedural skills - how to use a new smartphone

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23
Q

Encoding Failure

A

the information doesn’t get into memory. Encoding failures can occur because of inattention to the target information or interference when the target information is presented.

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24
Q

Retrival failure

A

Ever had something at the tip of your tongue?

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25
Q

Proactive interference

A

Prior learning disrupts recall of new info
+ ex. guy confusing gf’s name with his old ex’s

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26
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New learning disrupts the recall of old learning

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27
Q

How to remember ?

A

Procative
Old disrupts new
Retroactive
New disrupts old

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28
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

+ Repression: banish uncomfortable memories

+ Reality- likely uncommon

EMOTIONAL EVENTS POWERFUL

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29
Q

Construction errors

A

Reconsolidation: retrieved memories are altered

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30
Q

Misinformation effects

A

Misleading info distorts one’s memory of an event
+ ex. “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into eachother”
+ “About how fast were the cars going when the accident occured”

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31
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Faulty memory for when or how the info was learned or imagined
+ex. comedian accidentally stealing a joke

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32
Q

Source monitoring

A

Keeping track of where you learned something

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33
Q

Internal source monitoring failure

A

Ex. confusing dreams for reality

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34
Q

source monitoring failure

A

Inaccurately identifying the source of the info

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35
Q

Concept

A

categories of ideas, objects, events with common properties

x Helps us organize info in our brains, but concepts also influence our thoughts and behaviors

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36
Q

Protypes

A

+ Best examples of a category
+ More than just visual:
+ prejudice
+ ex. heart attack symptoms wrongfully identified

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37
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Narrow down to best solution
+ ex. SAT, ACT

38
Q

Divergent thinking

A

consider new ideas, options
+ creativity
+ frontal lobe

39
Q

Creativity

A

+ expertise
+ imaginative
+ venturesome
+ intrinsically motivated
+ enviroment

40
Q

algorithm

A

A step by step procedure to find a solution
+ex. find all the words in the group of letters
SLOYOCHPYG

41
Q

Heuristic

A

Instead of algorithm
+ thinking strategy for quick judgements and problem solving
+ ex. ch usually together while yy is not

42
Q

Insight

A

The act or result of apprehending the inner nature of things or of seeing intuitively
+ frontal lobe activity

43
Q

confirmation bias

A

choosing only to see what we believe
+ fixation: cannot change perception

44
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Clinging onto belief even after shown that they’re wrong

45
Q

Mental set

A

Usage of the same approach to problems (problem solving)

46
Q

Intuition

Data isn’t always followed when solving problems

A

Automatic, no conscience thought

47
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

When you erroneously think that two events or objects are more correlated than they actually are

48
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating likehood of an event based upon mental availability
+ ex. ppl fear terrorist attacks (readily available image)
+fear of flying - reality: cars are more dangerous

49
Q

Common uses for heuristics

A

+ reduces mental effort
+ simplify complex or difficult questions
+ help with problem solving

50
Q

The dunning-krugger

A

The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability, and the tendency for experts to underestimate themselves

51
Q

Framing

A

Drawing different conclusions from the same information, depending on how it is presented
+ex. “undocumented workers” vs “illegal aliens”
+ WORDING MATTERS

52
Q

Predictable world bias

A

tendency to perceive order where no order exist
+ ex. gambling

reality: its just chance

53
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

Assumption that people get what they deserve
+ based on the belief that the world is fair

54
Q

Phoemes

A

smallest unit of sounds
+ ex. BAT - b,a,t
+ THAT - th, at

55
Q

Morpehemes

A

smallest unit with meaning
+ ex. readers - “read” + “er” + “s”

56
Q

Noam Chomsky Theory

A

Language is a trait that has survival advantage
+ all humans are predisposed to learn language/grammar
+ all languages have nouns, verbs, adjectives
+ all children start speaking nouns

57
Q

Receptive language

A

ability to understand

(lot of it is latent)

58
Q

Critical language learning period

A

+ No language before age 7 cannot master any language
+ exposure to “low quality” language = less language skill
+ ex. 4yr olds in classroom with 3 yr olds

59
Q

What is language perceived as?

A

Indivisible - : consisting of one whole whose parts cannot be divided or treated individually

Reality: parallel processing

60
Q

Sapir whorf hypothesis

A

the grammatical and more verbal structure of a person’s language influences how they perceive the world

61
Q

Linguistic relativism

A

languages shapes basic ideas
+ hard: language determines how you think
+ ex. some indigenous languages have no past tense

+ soft: languages influences how you think
+ ex: English has one word for love, ancient Greek - six words

62
Q

Linguistic influence

A

languages affect our thinking
+ bilingualism:
+different language, different test results
+different emotions, different language

63
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

+ global capacity to reason
+ ability to learn new things
+ think abstractly to solve problems

64
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

+ prior learning and past experiences
+ based on facts
+ increases with age

65
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to learn from experiences, solve problems, use knowledge to adapt to new situations

66
Q

Charles spearman

A

General intelligence: underlies all mental abilities, measured in any intelligence test called g
+ single intelligence score
+based upon factor analysis

67
Q

Goal of factor analysis

A

To model the interrelatioships among items

68
Q

L.L Thurnstone

A

+ skeptical of single intelligence score
+ Used 56 tests to identify 7 primal mental abilities
+results: scoring high on 1 test = high scores on all tests

69
Q

Howard Gardner

A

+ multiple intelligences
+ eight-semi independent intelligence
+do not have to exist together can be individual

70
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Three intelligences (triarchic)
+ analytical - intelligence tests, predict school grades well
+ creative- innovation, ability to adapt to new situations, create more ideas
+ practical- everyday tasks, negotiating with a salesperson

71
Q

Criticism of multiple intelligences

A

+ Research has confirmed g
+ high cognitive ability predicts academic achievements
BUT!
+ success equals intelligence and grit

72
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

+ limited mental ability-low intelligence score
+specific skill-genius
+ most are men
+ many have ASD

73
Q

Aquired savant syndrome

A

the presentation of (often extraordinary) scholarly skills that can emerge after a non-disabled individual suffers a traumatic brain injury or illness

74
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Understanding and navigating social situations

not really an intelligence

75
Q

Aptitude test

A

predict future performance, capacity to learn

76
Q

Achievement test

A

show what you have learned
+ ex. AP test

77
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Predicting school achievement
+ assumed that all children have same intelligence development
+ score = mental age: measure of intelligence based on development
+ ex. A “bright” 8yr old might have a mental age of 10
+ measured: aptitude

78
Q

Lewis Terman

A

published the individual intelligence test widely used in the United States, the Stanford-Binet test.

79
Q

IQ equation

A

10 = mental age/chronological age x 100

80
Q

David Wechler

A

Wechsler viewed intelligence as an effect rather than a cause, and asserted that non-intellective factors, such as personality, contribute to the development of each person’s intelligence.

+ WAIS intelligence score for adults
+ WISC intelligence score for children

81
Q

Standardization

A

+ uniform procedures
+ comparison with a pre-test group

82
Q

Normal deviation

A

+ aka bell curve
+ average IQ always 100
+ 2 standard deviations covers 70-130

83
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent results are

84
Q

Constant validity

A

Does the test measure what it is supposed to?

85
Q

Predictive validity

A

does the test predict future behaviour

86
Q

IQ test validity

A

+ relatively
+ more predictive of young children
+ correlation weakens with age

87
Q

Executive functioning

A

working memory + decision making ( frontal lobe )
+ think CEO = chief executive officer

88
Q

priming

A

exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention

+ ex. When you hear the word “chair,” you might start to feel tired.

89
Q

interpersonal

A

relating to relationships or communication between people:

90
Q

intrapersonal

A

occurring within the individual mind or self

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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